Service in the Mountains
McRae's Battalion North Carolina Cavalry was organized as a result of the
serious depredations being committed in western North Carolina in 1862
and early 1863. Major McRae attributed this problem to the Confederate
conscription act that drained the region of most all able-bodied men who
were loyal or at least sympathized with the Southern cause. In this area
loyalty did not have the same kind of connotation it held for more aristocrat-
ic Southerners in other portions of Dixie. Many mountaineers of the Blue
Ridge and Great Smokey Mountains were highly individualistic and resented
being sent to fight for a cause in which they had no vested interest.1
The Confederate Conscription Act, when it went into effect in April 1862
effectively required all able-bodied men aged 18 to 35 to join their relatives
and neighbors in Confederate units in Virginia and eastern North Carolina.
Many of the men subject to this law reluctantly acquiesced to the terms of
the act. Several others, however, hid out in the hills and were variously
known as "outliers," "scouters," or the more common, "bushwhackers."
The term bushwhacker was also applied by Federals to mean almost any
Confederate partisan, with or without permission from the Confederate
Government to harass their troops. For Southerners, the term usually
referred to a Confederate Army deserter, draft dodger, Unionist, or plain
criminal hiding out in back-water provinces of the Confederacy. Western
North Carolina was such a back-water province. The mountains afforded
innumerable hiding places, was inaccessible, and was by September 1863
close to Federally held portions of East Tennessee.
There was a widespread perception in North Carolina in 1863 that the
Confederacy had little use for Tarheels, except as cannon fodder. By the
mid-point in the war, it was becoming increasingly obvious to tarheels that
North Carolina soldiers were sustaining more than their share of casualties
in the field. North Carolina was also serving as the bread basket for
Virginia, and nearly all the food for Virginia's cities held by Confederates
came from North Carolina as did as nearly all the food for the soldiers in the
field. Western North Carolina also quickly became the location for quart-
ering Confederate cavalry horses when not used in active campaign-
ing.
Serious military reverses for the Confederacy at Gettysburg and Vicksburg
in July 1863 meant replacement soldiers were desperately needed. The
blind eye turned on the outliers had to end. Depredations committed by
these outlier bands were becoming worse and worse. Something had to be
done. Governor Vance repeatedly called on the Confederate Government
to detail North Carolina Troops to assist with the outlier problem. The
Confederate military establishment refused to relinquish any soldiers for this
purpose. The Confederate War Department, however, agreed to assign a
few conscripts to assist in restoring order in the mountains and foot-
hills.
During the fall of 1863 the part of North Carolina west of the Blue Ridge
Mountains was formed into a new military district, called the District of
Western North Carolina. Brigadier General Robert B. Vance, brother of
Governor Zebulon Vance, was assigned to command the district.
McRae soon reported to the principal collection center for conscripts in
western North Carolina, Camp Vance, just outside of Morganton in Burke
County. Morganton had an advantage no other town in the western part
of the state did -- it was the western terminus of the only railroad in the
area - the Western North Carolina Railroad. This track facilitated the export
of crops and men, and the limited importation of arms and ordnance.
McRae met the men who would become Company E there. It is likely that
Captain Haughton's and Captain Mallet's men came with McRae. They
were joined by Captain Alexander McMillan's Company from Ashe County.
Captain A. B. Hill's and Captain Hugh Cole's cavalry companies soon arrived
completing the battalion's organization by mid-November. Additionally, a
section of artillery under Lieutenant Collins of Company F, Starr's [13th]
North Carolina Light Artillery Battalion joined McRae.2-
Companies C and E completed the only known muster rolls for this battalion
on December 5, before leaving Camp Vance. These two companies
reported 132 men present for duty then. Where the other three companies
were then is unknown.3
By December, the situation west of the mountains had become increasingly
dangerous. It was feared that George Washington Kirk, a Tennessean, who
was operating in the North Carolina Mountains was preparing to attack
Asheville. Kirk later organized a regiment, the 3rd North Carolina Mounted
Infantry, for the Federal Army. This regiment was largely composed of
mountaineer Unionists. One of their comrades in the 15th Pennsylvania
Cavalry regiment characterized these men as only out for revenge. Kirk
would be the main nemesis of McRae for most of the period the battalion
was in service. Additionally, Kirk became notorious in North Carolina
history as the military leader in the so-called Kirk-Holden War against the
Ku-Klux-Klan in the reconstruction era.4
McRae's men were then ordered to Asheville, county seat of Buncombe
County and key city in all the trans-Blue Ridge Mountains. At the end of
December, the battalion had a present for duty strength of over 140 men.
Several men were on detached duty when the returns were completed. By
this time, most of the battalion's men had found mounts, and the battalion
could claim the title cavalry. While mounted, the McRae's men were not
cavalry in the true sense of the word, and were not even good mounted
infantry, but they were all who were available.5-
The approach of reinforcements caused Kirk to rethink whatever plan he
had in mind, Asheville was not attacked. In any event, McRae reported to
General Vance and was subject to his orders. Vance took his newly arrived
troopers down the French Broad River to Marshall and Paint Rock in
Madison County in search of the elusive Kirk before abandoning the chase.
McRae's Battalion camped in Madison County for "some time patrolling that
section and making occasional excursions into East Tennessee for the
protection of the people."6
Madison County may have been the most Unionist county in western North
Carolina. In 1863, one pro-Confederate resident claimed three-quarters of
the people were for the Union in a letter to Governor Vance. The division
between the haves and the have-nots here was a pronounced as in any part
of the South, and the have-nots resented the well-connected of that county.
These people had little to gain in the out-come of the war, one way or the
other. But when the elite of this county sided with the Confederacy, they
supported the Union for contrariness. The Southern faction of Madison
County was led by Lawrence Allen, commander of the 64th North Carolina
State Troops. Allen had led a punitive expedition into the Shelton Laurel
section in January 1863 and his men executed all those they were able to
catch rather than send them to Libby or Salisbury Prison. Allen, though,
had been provoked in the minds of many residents of the area. The
Unionists living in Shelton Laurel Valley had raided Marshall before his
expedition to obtain salt. While raiding the county-seat, the bushwhacker's
visited Allen's home and terrorized his family. Allen's family consisted of
his wife and three children, two of whom were ill with scarlet-fever. These
two children died, and Allen blamed the Shelton Laurel gang for making
them worse by scaring them.7
The western North Carolina winter was difficult in peace-time, let alone
during a war, especially a guerrilla war. McRae established his headquarters
at Asheville, but most of his men were detached in small parties and sent
to far southwestern North Carolina where their services were more urgently
needed. These detachments never met the enemy in force, but were
subjected to the same kind of harassment inflicted on Colonel Allen's men
the preceeding winter. This usually took the form of a man or two lying out
in thick laurel groves, commanding a good view of the road, and firing when
McRae's patrols passed by. The bushwhackers could snipe at the patrols
and vanish in the thickets before the cavalrymen could gain their bearings
and react. There were laurel thickets in these mountains then and now
miles thick, which require great skill to navigate. These thickets became
the homes of the bushwhackers for months, and they developed great skill
in negotiation paths and intricate tangles of vines, bushes and laurel.
In early January 1864, General Vance was ordered to assist General James
Longstreet in east Tennessee. He led a small command into Tennessee and
quickly captured a large Federal wagon train. The size of this train has been
variously estimated to have consisted of from between 25 and 80 wagons.
This initial success gave him more confidence than he ought to have had
considering the quality of soldiers under his command. These soldiers
included several small detachments from McRae's Battalion. Vance was
surprised on January 14 in Cocke County by a Federal patrol. At the time,
Vance's men were scattered and had not paid particular attention to his
instructions. If Vance's forces been concentrated he might have been able
to escape or fight his way out of the trap, but they were not and nearly all
the men with Vance were captured. Sixteen of these men were members
of McRae's Battalion. The enlisted men were hurried off to Rock Island,
Illinois where half a dozen of them died of disease, for a mortality rate of
37.5 percent.8
John B. Palmer from Mitchell County assumed command of the District
when Vance was captured. Palmer was Colonel of the 58th North Carolina
State Troops and was at home recovering from wounds received at
Chickamauga when Vance was captured. He never rejoined his unit in the
Army of Tennessee, but devoted considerable energy, if not talent, to
defending the mountains of western North Carolina. Troops then in the
District included the remnants of the 62nd and 64th North Carolina Infantry
Regiments, MacBeth's South Carolina Artillery from Charleston, Lieutenant
Colonel J. L. Henry's 14th Battalion North Carolina Cavalry, part of Thomas'
Legion, in addition to McRae's Battalion.9
None of these soldiers except MacBeth's Battery and Thomas' Legion were
any good. The 62nd and 64th North Carolina Regiments were only the
small remnants that had escaped from Cumberland Gap with Colonel
Campbell Slemp of the 64th Virginia on September 9, 1863. Additionally,
these men's loyalty to the Confederacy was highly suspect--most were
forced into the Confederate Army by Colonel Lawrence Allen's high-handed
enforcement of the conscription act.
McRae's Battalion was stationed for much of February 1864 with the 62nd
North Carolina on Big Laurel and Shelton Laurel in Madison County. Their
primary mission was to patrol the county to Marshall and Warm Springs.10
Part of McRae's men were also detached to assist the 64th North Carolina
who were surrounded on an island in the French Broad near Marshall.
McRae's men, in fact, appear to have saved Allen's men from a more
inglorious end than most had met at Cumberland Gap. It was here that the
only known bullet injured a member of McRae's Battalion, Samuel McNeely
of Company C was wounded.11
Parts of McRae's Battalion then moved into Henderson and Polk counties on
the extreme southern border of the old North State. These counties were
a welcome change from the wilds of the Great Smokies. Captain Mallet's
men apparently patrolled this district without great difficulty. Captain
Cole's Company was transferred to patrol the banks of the French Broad
near Brevard and Toxaway. McRae noted that when this company left
Transylvania County, pro-Confederate families came out with them because
they feared the resurgence of the bushwhacker parties in that section of the
state.12
Major McRae continued his account of his men's activities and wrote:
The whole command passed through Haywood, Jackson
and Macon to Franklin, and Captain Hines' Company,
finding the road blocked by great stones, near Monday's,
crossed the "Chunky Gal" Mountains by a trail and went
into Clay County, that now peaceful Utopia, and spent some
time on Shooting Creek, whose name was not an inappropri-
ate one them.
The term of special service was quickly ending, and the men were needed
at home, but the Confederate powers in Richmond felt their services were
needed worse in the trenches around the Confederate capital. The battalion
entrained at Morganton and steamed to Raleigh, reaching there by June 1,
1864. The battalion was formally disbanded at Raleigh on June 1. Most
of remaining men were assigned to the 9th North Carolina State Troops (1st
North Carolina Cavalry). Some were beyond the age of active campaigning,
and Captain McMillan was able to keep some of his men together. They
returned to Ashe County to patrol the western border of that most loyal of
western North Carolina counties. Despite being largely pro-Confederate,
there was a sizable part of the population that belonged to the Heroes of
America. Major McRae took an assignment on Brigadier General Lawrence
Baker's staff and served out the remaining months of the war with him.