Illinois Family History Research: Timeline for Genealogy

Christopher Columbus (re)discovered a New World and things happened...

last updated 31May2004

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1400-1500 Most of Finland's medieval stone churches <uskoeng.html> are built. Finland

1415 Henry V defeats French at Agincourt. Jan Hus, Bohemian preacher and follower of Wycliffe, burned at stake in Constance as heretic. =Kid Info

1418-1460 Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator </cgi-bin/id/CE023599> sponsors exploration of Africa's coast. =Kid Info

1420 Brunelleschi begins work on the Duomo in Florence.=Kid Info

1428 Joan of Arc </cgi-bin/id/CE027007> leads French against English, captured by Burgundians (1430) and turned over to the English, burned at the stake as a witch after ecclesiastical trial (1431). =Kid Info

1438 Incas </cgi-bin/id/CE025422> rule in Peru.=Kid Info

1450 Florence becomes center of Renaissance arts and learning under the Medici </cgi-bin/id/CE033609>s.=Kid Info

1453 Turks conquer Constantinople, end of the Byzantine empire </cgi-bin/id/CE008324>, beginning of the Ottoman empire </cgi-bin/id/CE038897>.=Kid Info

1455 The Wars of the Roses, civil wars between rival noble factions, begin in England (to 1485). Having invented printing with movable type at Mainz, Germany, Johann Gutenberg completes first Bible.=Kid Info

1462 Ivan the Great rules Russia until 1505 as first czar; ends payment of tribute to Mongols.=Kid Info

1478 Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV = Christianity

1483-1546 Martin Luther, leader of Protestant reformation, preached that only faith leads to salvation without mediation of clergy or good works, attacked authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, recommended individual study of the Bible (see 1517, 1522) = Christianity

1484-1492 Pope Innocent VIII = Christianity

1488-1569 Miles Coverdale, Augustinian friar who left the Order, repudiated Catholicism, 1st Protestant Bishop of Exeter = Christianity

1490-1775 Bukovina an integral part of the Principality of Moldavia; under local rulers but a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire. = Bukovina

1491-1556 Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Jesuit order (see 1534) = Christianity

1492 Moors conquered in Spain by troops of Ferdinand and Isabella. Columbus </cgi-bin/id/CE011993> becomes first European to encounter Caribbean islands, returns to Spain (1493). Second voyage to Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (1493-1496). Third voyage to Orinoco (1498). Fourth voyage to Honduras and Panama (1502-1504). =Kid Info

1492 Christopher Columbus's first voyage, discovers San Salvador - begins Spanish colonization of the New World = Christianity

1492 Columbus left Spain, sailing west to search for new routes and sources for importing spices from the East. He returned with corn (Zea mays) and other crop plants. = PlantTrivia

1492-1503 Pope Alexander VI = Christianity

1493 Finland is mentioned for the first time on a printed map of Europe <map3.html> in the book "Liber Chronicarum" authored by Hartmann Schedel in Germany. = Finland

1493 During Columbus’ second voyage he apparently introduced sugar cane to Santo Domingo; a settler named Aguilón was reported to have harvested cane juice by 1505 (Thomas, 1999). By 1516 the first processed sugar was shipped from Santo Domingo to Spain. Soon afterward, Portugal began importing sugar from Brasil. (Sugar cane would become a driving force for the slave trade.) Columbus also carried seed of lemon, lime, and the sweet orange to Hispaniola. He returned to Europe with pineapple. (Viola & Margolis, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1493-94 Peter Martyr wrote that Columbus brought “pepper more pungent than that from the Caucasus.” These capsicum peppers were introduced into Spain in 1493, known in England by 1548, and grown in Central Europe as early as 1585. = PlantTrivia

1494 Columbus introduced cucumbers and other vegetables from Europe to Haiti. = PlantTrivia

1497 Vasco da Gama sails around Africa and discovers sea route to India (1498). Establishes Portuguese colony in India (1502). John Cabot, employed by England, reaches and explores Canadian coast. Michelangelo </cgi-bin/id/CE034242>'s Bacchus sculpture.=Kid Info

1500 The Indian population of Brasil numbered about 2.5 million before European settlement. That population today is less than 200,000. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1501 First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo.=Kid Info

c.1503 Leonardo da Vinci </cgi-bin/id/CE030275> paints the Mona Lisa. Michelangelo sculpts the David (1504).=Kid Info

1503 Pope Pius III = Christianity

1503-1513 Pope Julius II = Christianity

1505-1572 John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland (see 1560) = Christianity

1505 Enslaved Africans were first brought to the New World. Trade in slaves would steadily rise, driven at first by gold mining, the harvest of natural resources, and increasing agricultural demand. In the end, at least 9.5 million African slaves were brought to the New World, fully 2.5 million of whom were deployed in the Caribbean where they worked substantially in the sugar industry. For 360 years slavery was the key labor source for New World sugar production. (Mintz in Viola & Margolis, 1991) By another breakdown, approximately 13,000,000 slaves were exported from Africa between 1440 and 1870. Of those people, about 6,000,000 were deployed initially to work in sugar plantations, 2,000,000 to coffee, 1,000,000 to mining, 1,000,000 for domestic labor, 500,000 for cotton fields, 250,000 for cacao walks, and 250,000 for construction. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1505 The Portuguese settled Ceylon. Their exploitation of the cinnamon forests led to a system of slavery and a monopoly on trade in this spice. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606 = Christianity

1506 St. Peter's Church started in Rome; designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in 1626.=Kid Info

1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling = Christianity

1509-1547 Henry VIII ruler of England = Christianity

1509 Henry VIII </cgi-bin/id/CE023563> ascends English throne. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. =Kid Info

1509-1564 John Calvin, preached predetermination, good conduct and success were signs of election = Christianity

1511 Having won battles over Muslim forces, the Portuguese advanced their control over spice producing areas of India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra - and by 1514, the Spice Islands. For nearly 100 years great Portuguese wealth would flow from control of the spice trade. [See 1605] (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1513-1522 Pope Leo X = Christianity

1513 Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Machiavelli's The Prince.=Kid Info

1514 Alvarez was the first European to reach China by sea. In the region of Canton the Portuguese encountered oranges superior in sweetness and fragrance even to those brought from India and Ceylon. (Tolkowsky, 1938) = PlantTrivia

1516 The banana was introduced to the New World from Africa. (Heiser, 1981)[See 1804] = PlantTrivia

1517 Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia. Martin Luther </cgi-bin/id/CE031634> posts his 95 theses denouncing church abuses on church door in Wittenberg-start of the Reformation </cgi-bin/id/CE043575> in Germany. =Kid Info

1517-1994 Modern Era of Christianity - Luther, Calvin lay the seeds of modern Protestantism, England breaks away from the Catholic Church = Christianity

1517 95 Theses (Martin Luther) = Christianity

1518-1532 St Terese of Avila = Christianity

1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.=Kid Info

1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Suleiman I </cgi-bin/id/CE050046> (“the Magnificent”) becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary (1521), Rhodes (1522), attacks Austria (1529), annexes Hungary (1541), Tripoli (1551), makes peace with Persia (1553), destroys Spanish fleet (1560), dies (1566). Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives (1521). One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain (1522).=Kid Info

1520 Luther excommunicated = Christianity

1521 Hernando Cortés conquered Mexico. While on reconnaissance in southeastern Mexico, his soldiers were the first Europeans to discover the delights of the Aztecan spice, vanilla. (Rosengarten, 1969) Among the people in Cortés’ party was a free, black African, Juan Garrido. At his farm in Coyoacán, Garrido later would become the first European to plant wheat in Mexico. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1522-1523 Pope Adrian VI = Christianity

1522 Luther's German NT translation = Christianity

1523-1534 Pope Clement VII = Christianity

1523 The Kalmar Union is disbanded when Gustavus Vasa becomes king of Sweden. = Finland

1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay.=Kid Info

1524 South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 1.5 century long religious wars = Christianity

1525-1534 Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for "congregation" = Christianity

1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII-the end of the Italian Renaissance. Castiglione writes The Courtier. The Medici family expelled from Florence.=Kid Info

1527The Diet of Västerås approves the Lutheran Reformation and the confiscation of ecclesiastical property.= Finland

1530 Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church = Christianity

1531 Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1531 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000 = Christianity

1531 A decree issued in Castile under the Spanish Crown allowed good terms for loans to allow purchase of slaves by settlers for establishment of sugar mills. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru. = PlantTrivia

1532 Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru (1533). Machiavelli's The Prince published posthumously.=Kid Info

1534 Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church = Christianity

1534-1550 Pope Paul III = Christianity

1534 Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China = Christianity

1535-1537 Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546 = Christianity

1535 Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas More </cgi-bin/id/CE035368> executed as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority. Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada.=Kid Info

1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn. John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writes Institutes of the Christian Religion. Danish and Norwegian Reformations. Michelangelo's Last Judgment.=Kid Info

1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiaastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform = Christianity

1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement = Christianity

1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale) = Christianity

1539-1552 Richard Taverner's (1505-1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition most reliable = Christianity

1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England = Christianity

1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there (1560).=Kid Info

1542 Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against the Vulgate = Christianity

1543 Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue transalation", although 80% of the words were in the RV = Christianity

1543 Publication of On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies by Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus-giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun.=Kid Info

1543 Bishop Mikael Agricola <http://haku.kansallisbiografia.fi/FMPro?-db=umkbnet.fp5&-format=%2fkb%2fum%2frecord%5fdetail.htm&-lay=www&-sortfield=LAJITTELUKENTT%c4&-op=eq&cSukunimihaku2=Agricola,%20Mikael&-max=40&-find=> produces the first Finnish-language book, a volume of Finnish grammar. = Finland

1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until 1563 to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority.=Kid Info

1545-1563 Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology = Christianity

1546 King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's NT = Christianity

1547-1553 Edward VI Ruler of England = Christianity

1547 Ivan IV </cgi-bin/id/CE026277> (“the Terrible”) crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan (1552), battles nobles (boyars) for power (1564), kills his son (1580), dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble-minded son, Fyodor I.=Kid Info

1549 Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church) = Christianity

1550-1555 Pope Julius III = Christianity

1550? St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke, Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century) = Christianity

1553-1558 Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England = Christianity

1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City = Christianity

1553 Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I.=Kid Info

1555 Pope Marcellus II = Christianity

1555-1559 Pope Paul IV = Christianity

1556 Beza's Latin NT = Christianity

1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogul </cgi-bin/id/CE035771> emperor of India, conquers Afghanistan (1581), continues wars of conquest (until 1605).=Kid Info

1558 Queen Elizabeth I </cgi-bin/id/CE016665> ascends the throne (rules to 1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England-Shakespeare </cgi-bin/id/CE047236>, Marlowe, Spenser.=Kid Info

1558-1603 Elizabeth I ruler of England = Christianity

1559-1566 Pope Pius IV = Christianity

1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions = Christianity

1560 Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government = Christianity

1561 Persecution of Huguenots </cgi-bin/id/CE024741> in France stopped by Edict of Orleans. French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre-thousands of Huguenots murdered (1572). Amnesty granted (1573). Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes (1598) gives Huguenots religious freedom (until 1685).=Kid Info

1563 39 Articles (Episcopal Church) = Christianity

1565 27th state admitted into the union, Florida Mar. 3, 1845; having been settled by 1565 =infoplease

1566-1572 Pope Pius V = Christianity

1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain; independence will be acknowledged by Spain in 1648. High point of Dutch Renaissance-painters Rubens, Van Dyck, Hals, and Rembrandt </cgi-bin/id/CE043704>. = Kid Info

1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships. Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope. Turks attack Cyprus and war on Venice. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets (1571). Peace of Constantinople (1572) ends Turkish attacks on Europe.= Kid Info

1571 Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name
of Our Lady of the Rosary = Christianity

1572-1585 Pope Gregory XIII = Christianity

1572-1606 Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority = Christianity

1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe; knighted by Queen Elizabeth I (1581). Montaigne's Essays published.= Kid Info

1582 Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe = Christianity

1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar </cgi-bin/id/A0002061>.= Kid Info

1583 William of Orange rules the Netherlands; assassinated on orders of Philip II of Spain (1584).= Kid Info

1585-1590 Pope Sixtus V = Christianity

1586 Francis Drake, on landing at Roanoke, Virginia, heard tales of colonists who had survived on soup made from sassafras. He returned to England with what may have been the first shipment of this plant. As early as 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold (who named Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard) had shipped material of the plant to England. By 1607 Sassafras was in great demand, sold in English coffeehouses and even on the street. The tea was said to cure a wide range of diseases; the wood, thought to repel insect attack. Today we know that oil of sassafras (out of use since the early 1960s) is substantially the chemical safrole, once used to flavor root beer, but now considered carcinogenic. The most significant commercial use for sassafras today is the manufacture of filé, which is a powder made from young, dried leaves. (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1587 Mary, Queen of Scots </cgi-bin/id/CE033167>, executed for treason by order of Queen Elizabeth I. Monteverdi's First Book of Madrigals.= Kid Info

1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada by English. Henry, King of Navarre and Protestant leader, recognized as Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France. Converts to Roman Catholicism in 1593 in attempt to end religious wars.= Kid Info

1590 Henry IV enters Paris, wars on Spain (1595), marries Marie de Medici (1600), assassinated (1610). Spenser's The Faerie Queen. El Greco's St. Jerome. Galileo's experiments with falling objects.= Kid Info

1590-1591 Pope Urban VII = Christianity

1590 Sistine edition of the Vulgate = Christianity

1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed = Christianity

1591-1592 Pope Innocent IX = Christianity

1592-1605 Pope Clement VIII = Christianity

1594 Through 1597 a great famine struck Europe, caused by four bad harvests. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1595 Bakers in Montpellier, France were forced to use bushes to fire their ovens because there remained no forest in the area to supply firewood. Europe would continue to face energy shortages based on dwindling forest reserves. Eventually reliance would move to coal, then to petroleum (remember, even these fossil fuels are based on plant life), which would mark a major shift in the history of civilization, from renewable to non-renewable energy sources. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1596 Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church = Christianity

1598 Boris Godunov becomes Russian czar. Tycho Brahe describes his astronomical experiments.= Kid Info

1600 Giordano Bruno burned as a heretic. English East India Company established.= Kid Info

1600 Britain’s East India Company was founded. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1600 Kepler, Johannes becomes the assistant of ~Tycho Brahe <http://www.nada.kth.se/fred/tycho.html>, the imperial mathematician and court astronomer of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. = Christy's

1601~Kepler <http://www2.andrews.edu/zaher/kepler.html> (age 30) assumed his position as imperial ~mathematician and court astronomer <http://www.astro.virginia.edu/eww6n/bios/Kepler.html> to Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor. Essex rebellion against Elizabeth I fails. = Christy's

1602 Shareholders formed The United (Dutch) East India Company, with bad consequences for Portuguese traders. [See 1799] (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1603 Ieyasu rules Japan, moves capital to Edo (Tokyo). Shakespeare's Hamlet.= Kid Info

1603 (1597-1603 Hugh O'Neill <http://www.worldbook.com/fun/bth/html/conq.htm> led the Irish chieftains in an unsuccessful attack against the English.) James I (King James VI of Scotland) inherits the throne of England. Iyeyasu, a warrior and the chief deputy of the previous Japanese <http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2126.html> Emperor names himself shogun. = Christy's

1603-1625 James I Ruler of England, 1st to call himself King of Great Britain, became official with Act of Union in 1707 = Christianity

1604 James I of England restores Recussancy Acts, with more persecution and the expulsion of priests. Pope Clement VIII requests that English Catholics refrain from rebellion. A peace treaty with Catholic Spain is signed. = Christy's

1605 Cervantes </cgi-bin/id/CE009923>'s Don Quixote de la Mancha, the first modern novel.= Kid Info

1605 The ~Gunpowder plot <http://www.bcpl.lib.md.us/cbladey/guy/html/main.html> in England is uncovered. = Christy's

1605 Pope Leo XI = Christianity

1605-1621 Pope Paul V = Christianity

1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross = Christianity

1606 King James I of England charters the London and Plymouth companies. Rembrant <http://metalab.unc.edu/cjackson/rembrand/>, a Dutch baroque artist is born. = Christy's

1606 A million black mulberry trees were imported to England, another step in an effort to start a silk industry. Production of silk in England was never successful. (Lewington, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1607 Jamestown, Virginia, established-first permanent English colony on American mainland. Pocahontas </cgi-bin/id/CE041395>, daughter of Chief Powhatan, saves life of John Smith.= Kid Info

1607 Jamestown <http://www.apva.org/history/>, the first permanent English settlement in America is founded. Habana is officially named the capital of Cuba. = Christy's

1607 10th state admitted into the union, Virginia June 25, 1788; having been settled by 1607 =infoplease

1608 Several Germans were among the settlers at Jamestown. = GermansInAm

1608 Some Germans accompany Captain John Smith, founder of Jamestown, VA = German American

1608 Samuel de Champlain founds the village of Quebec. = Christy's

1609 Samuel de Champlain establishes French colony of Quebec. The Relation, the first newspaper, debuts in Germany.= Kid Info

1609 Galileo <http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/index.html> uses the newly invented telescope and discovers Jupiter's moons. First regularly published newspaper appears in Germany. = Christy's

1609 Jamestown colonists planted cucumbers and carrots in their gardens. = PlantTrivia

1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation = Christianity

1609-1610 Rheims-Douay Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate (1590), NT is Rheims text of 1582 = Christianity

1610 A Dutch East India Company ship brings lacquer furniture to Holland, thus introducing a demand for it. = Christy's

1610 The practice of drinking tea was first introduced to Europe, and to England in 1644. = PlantTrivia

1610 By this year, huge sugar plantations in the province of Bahia, Brasil were run by 2,000 white settlers, 4,000 black slaves, and 7,000 Indian slaves. = PlantTrivia

1610 Tea was imported to Europe (apparently the first time) through the Dutch East India Company. It was not until September 1658 that an advertisement appeared in England for this commodity. (Coe & Coe, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1610 47th state admitted into the union, New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912; having been settled by 1610 =infoplease

1610 Galileo </cgi-bin/id/CE019961> sees the moons of Jupiter through his telescope.= Kid Info

1611 Galileo goes to Rome to show the Jesuits his discoveries. The King James Version of the bible, which had been commissioned by the British King in 1604 is completed. = Christy's

1611 Gustavus Adolphus elected King of Sweden. King James Version of the Bible published in England. Rubens paints his Descent from the Cross.= Kid Info

1611 John Tradescant, gardener at Hatfield House, submitted a bill for various plants purchased in Holland, including 80 shillings paid for 800 tulip bulbs. At that price, the bulbs represented a gardener’s salary for about six months. (Pavord, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1611-1800 King James (Authorized) Version, based on Bishop's Bible of 1572 with use of Rheims NT of 1582 - included Apocropha, alterations found in many editions through 1800, revisors accused of being "damnable corrupters of God's word" = Christianity

1612 Matthias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Kepler becomes the mathematician to the states of upper Austria. = Christy's

1612 The 225 square mile, 13 foot deep Lake Beemster in Holland was drained to create 17,000 acres of fertile land. The draining required 43 windmills. In the hundred years from 1550 to 1650, nearly 400,000 acres of Dutch land were reclaimed for agriculture. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1612 John Rolfe is said to have introduced the Orinoco strain of tobacco from Venezuela, giving Virginia colonists their first commercially successful agricultural export crop. (The tobacco native to Virginia was not popular in Europe). The value of tobacco was so great that Virginia governor Thomas Dale was forced to require that each farmer plant 2 acres of corn also. About 500,000 pounds of tobacco were produced in 1627; and 35 million pounds by 1700. The eventual demands of tobacco as a crop resulted in institution of slave labor in about 1674. (Schlebecker, 1975) = PlantTrivia

1613-1645: Reign of Michael I Romanov. Beginning of the Romanov Dynasty <Michael1.html> = Imperial Russia

1613 Micheal Romanov, the first Russian tsar of the ~Romanov dynasty <http://home.icon.fi/timhaapa/index.htm> was elected. (The Romanaz dynasty <http://www.interknowledge.com/russia/rushis04.htm> ruled for more than 300 years.) Sir Thomas Dale, the governor of Virginia, hires mercenaries to try and drive the French out of Acadia. = Christy's

1614 ~Pocahontas <http://members.tripod.com/AlanCheshire/index-24.html> marries John Rolfe. Japanese shogun Iyeyasu orders that all Christian priests leave Japan, and that the Japanese give up Christianity. = Christy's

1614 John Napier discovers logarithms.= Kid Info

1614 11th state admitted into the union, New York July 26, 1788; having been settled by 1614 =infoplease

1615

1616 William Shakespeare dies. = Christy's

1617 Ferdinand II becomes King of Bohemia. = Christy's

1617 Under the Peace of Stolbova <border.html>, Sweden becomes supreme ruler of the Baltic Sea <map16.html> with control of the entire Gulf of Finland. = Finland

1618 Start of the Thirty Years' War </cgi-bin/id/CE051575>-Protestants revolt against Catholic oppression; Denmark, Sweden, and France will invade Germany in later phases of war. Kepler proposes last of three laws of planetary motion.= Kid Info

1618 Thirty Years' War devastates Germany; the country disintegrates into numerous independent principalities = German American

1619 The Virginia Company of London (having been founded through a land grant in Virginia in 1606) instituted the headright system, a means of granting land (in 50 acre parcels) to farmers. The original working arrangement had been a seven-year indenture period for settlers, with the expectation farmers would continue as share-cropping tenants. The headright system of land disposal established a precedent for other colonies in eastern North America. (Schlebecker, 1975) = PlantTrivia

1619 First representative assembly in America held in Jamestown. Also, first African slaves <http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit3/racial.htm> brought to Jamestown. Ferdinand of Bohemia is rejected by the Bohemian nobles and replaced with Fredrick V. Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor, and together with Bavaria and the Holy League goes to war with Bohemia. Start of the ~Thirty Years War <http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/30yearswar.html>. By this time the Dutch had set up a whaling industry on Amsterdam Island. = Christy's

1619 A Dutch ship brings the first African slaves to British North America.= Kid Info

1620 Fredrick V of Bohemia is defeated and sent into exile. Fredinand II wages war against the Hungarian Protestants. The Mayflower, a small merchant vessel, sails from England to New England with 102 dissenters seeking religious liberty to found the first permanent colony settled by families. Before landing, some signed the Mayflower Compact <http://wiretap.spies.com/Gopher/Gov/US-History/mayflow.cp> and laid the foundation for democracy in America. = Christy's

1620 Pilgrims </cgi-bin/id/CE040965>, after three-month voyage in Mayflower, land at Plymouth Rock. Francis Bacon's Novum Organum. = Kid Info

1620 6th state admitted into the union, Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788; having been settled by 1620 =infoplease

1621-1623 Pope Gregory XV = Christianity

1621 Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire becomes King of Hungary <http://www.fsz.bme.hu/hungary/history.html>. = Christy's

1621 A thanksgiving feast was held in mid-October by Plymouth Colony Pilgrims in appreciation of assistance from members of the Massasoit tribe and celebration of the first harvest. (Milestones, Pen, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1622 Native Americans killed a third of the Virginia population of European settlers in apparent retaliation for the encroachment of these immigrants on Indian cornfields. (Root, 1980) = PlantTrivia

1622 ~Moliere <http://www.honors.unr.edu/nicolec/> (Jean Baptiste Poquelin) is born (dies in 1673) = Christy's

1623-1644 Pope Urban VIII = Christianity

1623 New Netherland founded by Dutch West India Company.= Kid Info

1623 Carrying through with the barbarous cruelty of Dutch Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coen in establishing control over spice producing islands, Dutch representatives committed a brutal massacre of the British and Japanese working on Amboyna. (Milton, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1623 9th state admitted into the union, New Hampshire June 21, 1788; having been settled by 1623 =infoplease

1624 23rd state admitted into the union, Maine Mar. 15, 1820; having been settled by 1624 =infoplease

1624 London Company (a company colonizing America) is dissolved due to trouble in Jamestown. = Christy's

1625-1649 Charles I Ruler of England = Christianity

1625 Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire is victorious in wars against the Protestants in Germany. Charles I becomes king of Britian. =
Christy's

1626 Peter Minuit, a German, came to New Amsterdam to serve as the governor of the Dutch colony, New Netherlands. Later he governed the Swedish colony in Delaware. = GermansInAm

1626 The Rhinelander Peter Minuit (Minnewit) -- director of the Dutch colony-purchases Manhattan from the Indians and builds Ft. New Amsterdam = German American

1627 France introduced registered mail. Ferdinand II (of the Holy Roman Empire) outlaws all religions but Roman Catholicism in Bohemia. = Christy's

1628 Charles I of England signs the Petition of Right promising not to collect forced loans or levy taxes without parliament's consent. (However, he ignores most of the Petition of Right.) = Christy's

1629 Edict of Restitution allows the Roman Catholic church to recover property seized by Protestants. = Christy's

1630 Kepler <http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html> dies. = Christy's

1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony.= Kid Info

1630-1643 The Finnish cavalrymen, famous for their wild charges, earn the nickname "Hakkapelites" in the Thirty Years War. Their commander, general Torsten Stålhhandske became one of the most famous Finnish soldiers of Sweden's great power era. = Finland

1631

1632 Locke, John <thinker.htm> (1632-1704), ~English philosopher <http://www2.msstate.edu/src5/educator.html>, who founded the school of ~empiricism <http://pratt.edu/arch543p/help/empiricism.html> is born. Galileo published his book in defiance of Rome, who had asked him not to. He is put under house arrest. Baruch Spinoza <thinker.htm> is born in to a Jewish family in Amsterdam, on November 24. = Christy's

1632 Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore.= Kid Info

1633 AV published in Scotland = Christianity

1633 Inquisition forces Galileo to recant his belief in Copernican theory.= Kid Info

1633 First publication in Germany encouraging emigration to America = German American

1634 Ferdinand II (of the Holy Roman Empire) wins the Battle of Nordlingen. = Christy's

1634 Until 1637 the zeal of collectors inflated values of tulip cultivars. This Tulipomania eventually fell victim to a market collapse that affected the entire Dutch economy. = PlantTrivia

1634 5th state admitted into the union, Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788; having been settled by 1634 =infoplease
1634 7th state admitted into the union, Maryland Apr. 28, 1788; having been settled by 1634 =infoplease

04Jul1634 Lake Michigan discovered by Jean Nicolet. StofIL1902

1635

1636 Saint Isaac Jogues <http://www.catholicism.org/pages/cjjangri.htm>, a French Jesuit missionary goes to Canada as missionary to the Huron people. = Christy's

1636 The Dutch occupied Ceylon, forcing villagers to supply quotas of cinnamon, as had the Portuguese previously. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1636 Harvard College founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. = Social Security

1636 13th state admitted into the union, Rhode Island May 29, 1790; having been settled by 1636 =infoplease

1637 Rene' Decartes publishes drawings of specimens he observed under a microscope. The Japanese government has several thousand Japanese Christians massacred, and all foreign traders except the Dutch are forced out of Japan. = Christy's

1638 Peter Minuit founds the New Sweden colony = German American

1638 1st state admitted into the union, Delaware Dec. 7, 1787; having been settled by 1638 =infoplease

1639

1640 Charles I of England calls the Parliament again after years of not having it. So begins the "Long Parliament" Kirchner, a German Jesuit, builds a magic lantern. = Christy's

1640Queen Christina of Sweden establishes Finland's first university, the Swedish-language Åbo Akademi in Turku.= Finland

1641 Civil War brings the collapse of the government in Kongo. = Christy's

1642 English Civil war begins. Montreal founded. Galileo <http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/galileo_timeline.html> dies. = Christy's

1642 English Civil War </cgi-bin/id/CE016960>. Cavaliers, supporters of Charles I, against Roundheads, parliamentary forces. Oliver Cromwell
defeats Royalists (1646). Parliament demands reforms. Charles I offers concessions, brought to trial (1648), beheaded (1649). Cromwell becomes Lord Protector (1653). Rembrandt paints his Night Watch.= Kid Info

1642 Samedo Alvaro recounted stories to Europeans about the Chinese healing root called jin-chen, or ginseng. (Emboden, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1642 The first complete Finnish translation <kirjaeng.html> of the Bible appears. = Finland

1643 Evangelista Torricelli <http://mech.postech.ac.kr/fluidmech/history/Torricelli.html> accidentally invents the mercury barometer. = Christy's

1643 Taj Mahal completed.= Kid Info

1644 Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon only be read in the Church of England (effectively removed the Apocropha) = Christianity

1644-1655 Pope Innocent X = Christianity

1644 End of Ming Dynasty in China-Manchus come to power. Descartes </cgi-bin/id/CE014597>'s Principles of Philosophy.= Kid Info

1645 ~Oliver Cromwell <http://rvl4.ecn.purdue.edu/cromwell/oliver.html> reorganizes Parliaments armies and (eventually) captures Charles I. Alexis I second Russian czar of the house of Romanov succeeds his father Michael. = Christy's

1646

1647 Rice was introduced into cultivation in the Carolinas. Today California, Arkansas, Louisiana, & Texas are the main rice producing states. (Heiser, 1981) = PlantTrivia

1647 Massachusetts Bay Colony required an elementary school in towns of 50 families. = Social Security

1648 End of the Thirty Years' War. German population about half of what it was in 1618 because of war and pestilence.= Kid Info

1648 Jean Baptiste van Helmont reported one of the earliest and most spectacular experiments in plant physiology and nutrition. A five pound willow tree was planted in 200 pounds of dry soil. It was watered and allowed to grow for five years. At the end of this period, the total gain in weight was one hundred and sixty-nine pounds and three ounces, while the soil had lost only two ounces. Van Helmont guessed that water is a complex substance which is changed into plant material. = PlantTrivia

1648 Sweet potatoes were in cultivation in Virginia. = PlantTrivia

1649 Charles I is executed. England is proclaimed a republic. Oliver Cromwell tried to force the Irish off their land. = Christy's

1650 French philosopher, scientist and mathematics, Rene' Descartes dies. By around this time the kingdom of Angola was finally conquered by the Portuguese. = Christy's

1650 By this year coffee had arrived in England. In 1675 one could take the beverage in over 3,000 coffee houses in that country. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1650 From this time until the 20th Century the Caribbean was the world center for growing sugar cane. = PlantTrivia

1651 Britain’s Navigation Act required that all imports from the colonies be received on British ships. = PlantTrivia

1652 Pasqua Rosée, a Greek who settled in England, opened his London coffeehouse with a printing of “The Vertue of the COFFEE Drink” summarized as: “a simple innocent thing; composed into a Drink, by being dryed in an Oven, and ground to Powder, and boiled up with Spring water, and about half a pint of it to be drunk, lasting an hour before, and not Eating an hour after, and to be taken as hot as possibly can be endured.” (Pendergrast, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1652 The first New England pine trees were felled for British ship masts. Before the end of the century, British warships were built in North America. By 1775 easy sources of wood for masts had been stripped from Eastern North America. (Ponting, 1991) The pine tree was used as one of the symbols on the first American-made coins, issued in Boston. [See 1652; 1761] = PlantTrivia

1652 John Hull of Boston, Massachusetts was selected to establish a New England mint. His first coins bore inscription only, but his second set was ornamented with a willow, his third with an oak, and his fourth (the largest issue) with a pine. These Boston shillings are sometimes called the tree coins. John Hull grew wealthy through this process and became the subject of an apocryphal tale, which claims that the marriage of his daughter to Mr. Samuel Sewell was settled with a dowry of 30,000 shillings, the amount determined as equivalent to her weight. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia

1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell ruler of England = Christianity

1653 Cromwell dissolves parliament and takes the title of "Lord Protector" to rule as a dictator = Christy's

1654 Blaise Pascal <thinker.htm> and Pierre de Fermat develop the theory of probability. English chemist Robert Boyle helps found the Philosophical College (which later became the Royal Society of London <http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/> for Improving Natural Knowledge). = Christy's

1655-1667 Pope Alexander VII = Christianity

1655 Christian Huggens discovered the rings of Saturn. = Christy's

1656 Baruch Spinoza is ex-communicated by the rabbis and banished from Amsterdam. For the next five years he lives on the outskirts of the city working grinding optical lenses. = Christy's

1657 Boston Measles = Epidemic

1658 Cromwell dies; son Richard resigns and Puritan government collapses.= Kid Info

1658-1712 Richard Cromwell Ruler of England = Christianity

1658 Oliver Cromwell died of malaria, refusing to take the only known treatment (quinine from cinchona), because it was introduced by Jesuits. As a result, Amsterdam “was lighted up as for a great deliverance and children ran along the canals, shouting for joy that the Devil was dead.” (Durant) By 1681 cinchona was universally accepted as antimalarial. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1659

1660-1685 Charles II King of England, restoration of monarchy in England beginning under Charles II, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists = Christianity

1660 3rd state admitted into the union, New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787; having been settled by 1660 =infoplease

1660 12th state admitted into the union, North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789; having been settled by 1660 =infoplease

1660 The Monarchy is restored in England, Charles II agrees to respect the Magna Carta <http://www.nara.gov/exhall/charters/magnacarta/> and Petition of Rights = Christy's

1660 English Parliament calls for the restoration of the monarchy; invites Charles II to return from France.= Kid Info

1661 Charles II is crowned King of England. Louis XIV begins personal rule as absolute monarch; starts to build Versailles.= Kid Info

1661 Georg Hack from Cologne settles in Maryland = German American

1662 Moliere's troupe performs "le ecole des femmes" = Christy's

1663

1664 British take New Amsterdam from the Dutch. English limit “Nonconformity” with reestablished Anglican Church. Isaac Newton's experiments with gravity.= Kid Info

1665 ~Robert Hooke <http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Hooke.html> identifies cells = Christy's

1665 Great Plague in London kills 75,000.= Kid Info

1666 Approval of the Canal du Midi is given to improve transportation and provide ships with a route to and from the Mediterranean. = Christy's

1666 Great Fire of London. Molière's Misanthrope.= Kid Info

1667-1670 Pope Clement IX = Christianity

1667 Earthquake in Shemaka, Caucasia kills 80,000 = Christianity

1667 "Little Russia", an area around Kiev, is conceeded by the Polish government to the Russian government. = Christy's

1667 Milton </cgi-bin/id/CE034505>'s Paradise Lost, widely considered the greatest epic poem in English.= Kid Info

1668 Francesco Redi attempts to prove that rotting meat cannot spontaneously turn into flies. = Christy's

1668 Researcher and explorer Johann Lederer from Hamburg arrives = German American

1668 26th state admitted into the union, Michigan Jan. 26, 1837; having been settled by 1668 =infoplease

1669

1670-1676 Pope Clement X = Christianity

1670 Hudson Bay Co. founded with Prince Ruprecht as governor = German American

1670 8th state admitted into the union, South Carolina May 23, 1788; having been settled by 1670 =infoplease

1671

1672

1673 In England the Test Act is passed, allowing only members of the Anglican Church to hold public office. Moliere dies at age 51. Leeuwenhoeck publishes his first article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London = Christy's

17Jun1673 Jacques Marquette discovered Mississippi. StofIL1902

1673 Marquette and Jolliet descend the Mississippi, return to Wisconsin via Illinois River and Lake Michigan. = ILGenWeb

Sep1673 Kaskaskia or La Vantum Indian village of 7-8000 inhabitants discovered in present day Randolph county. StofIL1902

Sep1673 Jacques Marquette visited present site of Chicago, in present day Cook County. StofIL1902

1674

1675 Marquette founds mission near Starved Rock <ilphotos4.html>. = ILGenWeb

1675 King Philip's War = Christy's

c1675 Slave traders brought cowpeas to Jamaica. A native of India, this pea has many varieties important in the southeastern US, particularly the black-eye and the crowders. = PlantTrivia

18May1675 Death of Jacques Marquette at mouth of Marquette River, Michigan. StofIL1902

1676-1689 Pope Innocent XI = Christianity

1676 Danish astronomer ~Ole Christensen Roemer <http://www.du.edu/ahicks/> observes that light moves at a finite speed by studying Jupiter's moons. = Christy's

1676 Nikolaus de Meyer from Hamburg becomes Mayor of New York = German American

1676 Jimsonweed gained its common name (originally Jamestown weed) when British soldiers in Virginia mistook Datura for an edible plant and “turn’d fool” with hallucinations that endured for eleven days. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1677 On February 21st Baruch Spinoza dies. = Christy's

1678

1679 England passes the Habeas Corpuss act guaranteeing people protection from arbitrary arrest. = Christy's

1680 La Salle builds fort Crevecoeur near Peoria. = ILGenWeb

Jan1680 Robert De LaSalle first visits Illinois. StofIL1902

01Jan-15Jan1680 Robert De LaSalle builds the Fort of the Broken Heart, the first thing done on the soil of Illinois with a view to permanent occupation, in present day Randolph County. StofIL1902

1681 The Canal du Midi is finished after eight years of work. = Christy's

1682 La Salle erects Fort St. Louis at Starved Rock <ilphotos4.html>. = ILGenWeb

1682 Ivan V and Peter of Russia are co-rulers, with Peter's sister Sophia as the regent. = Christy's

1682-1725: Peter I, The Great <PeterGreat.html> = Imperial Russia

1682 Pennsylvania founded by William Penn </cgi-bin/id/CE040099>.= Kid Info

1682 2nd state admitted into the union, Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787; having been settled by 1682 =infoplease
1682 28th state admitted into the union, Texas Dec. 29, 1845; having been settled by 1682 =infoplease

07Apr1682 Robert De LaSalle's third visit and discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi. StofIL1902

09Apr1682 Mississippi Valley taken possession of for France by Robert De LaSalle. StofIL1902

Dec1682 Henry de Tonti made Governor of Illinois by France. StofIL1902

Dec1682 Fort called Fort St Louis, built on Starved Rock, near Utica in present day LaSalle County. StofIL1902

1683 Thirteen families of German Mennonites seeking religious freedom <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html> arrived in Pennsylvania; led by Franz Pastorius, they purchased 43,000 acres of land and founded Germantown, six miles north of Philadelphia. = GermansInAm

1683 Mennonites and Quakers arrive on the "Concord"and found Germantown, PA with Francis Daniel Pastorius as their leader / Vienna defended against Turkish invasion = German American

1683 War of European powers against the Turks (to 1699). Vienna withstands three-month Turkish siege; high point of Turkish advance in Europe.= Kid Info

1684 French fleet bomb Genoa = Tour Italy

1684 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's calculus published.= Kid Info

1685-1688 James II King of England, deposed = Christianity

1685 James II succeeds Charles II in England, calls for freedom of conscience (1687). Protestants fear restoration of Catholicism and demand “Glorious Revolution.” William of Orange invited to England and James II escapes to France (1688). William III and his wife, Mary, crowned. In France, Edict of Nantes of 1598, granting freedom of worship to Huguenots, is revoked by Louis XIV; thousands of Protestants flee.= Kid Info

1685 James II inherits the throne of England, and passes laws to grant rights to Catholics and dissolves many anti-Irish laws. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Germany. = Christy's

1686 25th state admitted into the union, Arkansas June 15, 1836; having been settled by 1686 =infoplease

1687 ~Sir Isaac Newton <http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Newton.html> publishes "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" = Christy's

1687 Boston Measles = Epidemic

19Mar1687 Robert De LaSalle murdered in Texas. StofIL1902

1688 England's "Glorious Revolution <http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/history/Glorious_Revolution.html>". James II flees to Ireland. William and Mary become joint rulers of England = Christy's

1688 Germantown's Pastorius pens first protest against slavery = German American

1689-1702 William III King of England, with Mary II as Queen until 1694 = Christianity

1689-1691 Pope Alexander VIII = Christianity

1689 The Bill of Rights is passed in England. James II leads and fails a rebellion in Ireland. Sophia is forced off the Russian throne. Peter's mother rules as regent instead. King William's War between the British and the French in North America begins. = Christy's

1689 French armies push toward Rhine and burn Heidelberg castle = German American

1689 Peter the Great </cgi-bin/id/CE040432> becomes Czar of Russia-attempts to westernize nation and build Russia as a military power. Defeats Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava (1709). Beginning of the French and Indian Wars </cgi-bin/id/CE019490> (to 1763), campaigns in America linked to a series of wars between France and England for domination of Europe. = Kid Info

1690 In August a fleet of thirty-four ships leave Boston city to attack Quebec. = Christy's

1690 New York Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1690 Proprietorship of Fort St Louis granted Tonti for fur-trading purposes. StofIL1902

1690 William III of England defeats former king James II and Irish rebels at Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. John Locke </cgi-bin/id/CE031038>'s Human Understanding. = Kid Info

1691-1700 Pope Innocent XII = Christianity

1691 British execute Frankfurt-born Jacob Leisler, first elected governor of New York and champion of American independence = German American

1691-92 Henri de Tonti, La Salle's lieutenant, constructs new Fort St. Louis on Lake Peoria. = ILGenWeb

1692 Salem witch trials <http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/colonial/witch.html>. = Christy's

1693 Earthquake in Catania, Italy kills 60,000 = Christianity

1693 The first record of the grapefruit in the West Indies was made by Hans Sloane in a catalog of Jamaican plants. It is assumed the grapefruit originated there from chance hybrids between other cultivated citrus. This plant was not introduced to Florida until nearly 1850. = PlantTrivia

1693 Famine struck northern Europe. By 1694 fully 10% of the population of northern France had perished as a result. = PlantTrivia

1694 Ivan V and Peter of Russia become the real rulers of Russia after their mother's death. Voltaire is born. = Christy's

1695

1696 Ivan V of Russia dies. Augustus II is elected leader of Poland. = Christy's

1697 King William's War ends. = Christy's

1697 Father Francisco Cupani published the first scientific description of Lathyrus odoratus, a plant from Sicily and the parent stock of today’s sweet pea. Seed that he sent in 1699 to Robert Uvedale, headmaster of Enfield Grammar School near London, resulted in cultivated forms, and by 1731, a famous selection called ‘Painted Lady’, the exact origins of which are not known. (Grimshaw, 1998) = PlantTrivia

1698

1699 French found Holy Family Mission at Cahokia. = ILGenWeb

1699 18th state admitted into the union, Louisiana Apr. 30, 1812; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease
1699 20th state admitted into the union, Mississippi Dec. 10, 1817; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease

1700-1721 Pope Clement XI = Christianity

1700s The settling of the British colonies by small German-speaking religious groups continued. The groups included Swiss Mennonites, Baptist Dunkers, Schwenkfelders, Moravians, Amish <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/amish.html>, and Waldensians; most German immigrants belonged to the main Lutheran and Reformed churches. The central colonies received the greatest part of this immigration, especially Pennsylvania <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html>. As many as half of these immigrants came as redemptioners, that is, they agreed to work in America for four to seven years in exchange for free passage across the Atlantic. German settlers designed and built the Conestoga wagon <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/conestog.html>, which was used in the opening of the American Frontier. = GermansInAm

1700-1721 -The Great Northern War, paralleled the War of the Spanish Succession. = Digital

1700-21 The Great Northern War. Russia assumes the position of a great power. = Finland

1700-13 Wars of Spanish succession = Tour Italy

1700 Cahokia founded in present day St Clair County. StofIL1902

1701 English Parliament passes the ~Act of Settlement <http://sites.internetcorp.net/mcferran/essruvigny.htm> stating that only an Anglican can inherit the throne. = Christy's

1701 -The Settlement Act of 1701 establishing the supremacy of Parliament in England. - William III of England heads the second Grand Alliance, which became involved in the War of the Spanish Succession. - Britain obtains an Iroquois "deed" to western lands purportedly conquered by the Iroquois though later abandoned by them under pressure from enemies. = Digital

1701 War of the Spanish Succession </cgi-bin/id/CE048989> begins-the last of Louis XIV's wars for domination of the continent. The Peace of Utrecht (1714) will end the conflict and mark the rise of the British Empire. Called Queen Anne's War in America, it ends with the British taking New Foundland, Acadia, and Hudson's Bay Territory from France, and Gibraltar and Minorca from Spain. = Kid Info

1702-1714 Anne Queen of England = Christianity

1702 Queen Anne's War between the British and the French in North America begins. England's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant is founded. = Christy's

1702 Fort St Louis discontinued. StofIL1902

1702 22nd state admitted into the union, Alabama Dec. 14, 1819; having been settled by 1702 =infoplease

1702-1713 Queen Anne's War (Europeans referred to it as "The Spanish Succession") British & Colonials vs French. WorldAlman

19Mar1702 - William III (William of Orange), died from complications after being thrown from his horse - Queen Anne succeeds to throne of England - Start of the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe - Beginning of Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French. = Digital

1703: St. Petersburg is founded. = Imperial Russia

1703, Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland. Sweden's position weakens.= Finland

1704 Deerfield (Mass.) Massacre of English colonists by French and Indians. Bach </cgi-bin/id/CE004006>'s first cantata. Jonathan Swift </cgi-bin/id/CE050363>'s Tale of a Tub. Boston News Letter-first newspaper in America. = Kid Info

24Jul-12Aug1704 Capture of Gibraltar by British forces, Battle of Blenheim, Bavaria. = Digital

1705

1706 Coffee trees were sent to the botanical garden in Amsterdam from Sri Lanka (where the Dutch had only recently managed to establish plantations, breaking an ancient Arab monopoly). A single tree survived, which was the parent of a tree at the conservatory in Paris. In 1723, de Cliey carried a single offspring from the Paris tree to Martinique, which yielded thousands of trees there by 1777. The Martinique plantations became the source of the first plants to be taken to the various coffee-growing regions of South America. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

23May1706 French are defeated at the Battle of Ramillies near the Belgian village of Ramillies-Offus, forcing them to withdraw from the Netherlands. = Digital

1707 The Act of Union joins Scotland <http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/usr/hfien/scots.dir/scotpage.html> and England into the United Kingdom of Great Britain. = Christy's

1707 United Kingdom of Great Britain formed-England, Wales, and Scotland joined by parliamentary Act of Union. = Kid Info

25Apr1707 British defeat at Almanza in Spain - Act of Union, which created Great Britain by finally fully uniting England and Scotland. = Digital

11Jul1708 British victory over French at Battle of Oudenarde - September, British capture of Minorca = Digital

1709 Peter the Great of Russia defeats the Swedes at Poltava. = Christy's

1709 First mass emigration from the Palatinate (Pfalz) = German American

1709 Famine struck Europe, affecting Prussia on a great scale. (Ponting,1991) = PlantTrivia

11Sep1709 Battle of Malplaquet, French defeated in the bloodiest battle of the war at the French village of Malplaquet = Digital

1710 Sheikh Sabah bin Jaber leads his clan into the area now called Kuwait <history/kuwait.htm> and within the next twenty years establishes an unofficial rule. = Christy's

1710 650 Palatines and Swiss settle at New Bern, NC = German American

1711 British forces, together with the American colonies, attempt to attack Quebec, but are discouraged when a storm in the St. Lawrence sinks nine of their ships. = Christy's

05Aug1711 Marlborough forces the "Non Plus Lines." = Digital

1712 New York Slave Rebellion, in which Native and African slaves united. = Digital

1712 Captain Frezier introduced the Chilean strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, to France. It arrived in Britain a few years later. This plant, along with the North American species taken to France by Jean Robin in 1624, is in the ancestry of today’s commercial strawberries. = PlantTrivia

1713 John Needham, an English biologist who would "prove" abiogenesis works is born. Queen Anne's War ends. = Christy's

1713 Boston Measles = Epidemic

11Apr1713 Peace of Utrecht, treaty of which recognizes Iroquois as British subjects. = Digital

1714-1727 George I King of England = Christianity

1714 AV published in Ireland = Christianity

1714 George, the German Elector of Hanover becomes King George I, of Britain = Christy's

1714 King George I arrives in England as the reigning monarch. = Digital

1714-18 Venice at war with Turkey = Tour Italy

1715 Jacobite nobles lead uprisings in Scotland to try to put James Stuart (son of James II) on the throne. Five year old Louis XV <http://mistral.culture.fr/lumiere/documents/files/regence.html> of France succeeds his great grandfather, with the Duke of Orleans as regent. = Christy's

13Nov1715 Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland, defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. = Digital

1716 The first certain account of plant hybridization was provided in a letter written by Cotton Mather, discussing the “infection” of Indian corn planted alongside yellow corn. The following year a British hybrid dianthus was described. In 1721 a hybrid cabbage was reported. By 1750 the controversy of sex in plants was in the news. By 1760 plant hybridization was a professional occupation. The study, hybridization, and selection of corn continued. By 1969 scientists understood more about corn genetics than the genetics of any other flowering plant. (Zirkle in Ewan, 1969) [See 1761] = PlantTrivia

1717 Region made a district of the French province of Louisiana. = ILGenWeb

1718 Blackbeard <http://ils.unc.edu/nc/Blackbeard.html> the pirate dies. In November the only son of Peter the Great of Russia dies. = Christy's

1718 Catholic English version of NT by Dr. Nary, much less bulky than Reims- Douay = Christianity

1718 Pierre, Duque de Boisbriant appointed first commandant of Illinois by the French. StofIL1902

1718 The initial shipment of American ginseng (sent from Canada) arrived in China (Canton). In 1773 shipment began from Boston, with a load of 55 tons on the Hingham. That shipment is said to have earned nearly three dollars a pound, which would have made for substantially profitable cargo. The potential of monetary gain created a strong supply network of North American “seng diggers.” Philadelphia records from 1788 indicate that Daniel Boone sold 15 tons of ginseng root to merchants there. Given such levels of harvesting, the American ginseng (Panax quinqefolium) became rare in nature. By 1885 George Stanton had founded his 150-acre Ginseng Farm in New York. (Emboden, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1719

1720 Fort de Chartres built by French north of Kaskaskia. = ILGenWeb

1720 Peter the Great of Russia signs treaty with the Chinese permitting trade. Japanese shogun Yoshimune repeals the laws against European books and study. = Christy's

1720 Augsburg and Marienthal founded in Louisiana = German American

1720 21st state admitted into the union, Illinois Dec. 3, 1818; having been settled by 1720 =infoplease

1721-1724 Pope Innocent XIII = Christianity

1721 Under the Treaty of Uusikaupunki (Nystad) Sweden cedes south-eastern Finland <map17.html> and the Baltic provinces of Livonia, Estonia and Ingria to Russia. = Finland

1722 Peter the Great of Russia issues an edict saying that the ruler of Russia shall choose his own successor. = Christy's

1722: The Table of Ranks is established. = Imperial Russia

1722 First church and first stone residence erected at Kaskaskia, in present day Randolph County. StofIL1902

1722 British Privy Council memorandum sets out doctrines of discovery & conquest = Canada

1723

1724-1730 Pope Benedict XIII = Christianity

1724 Most Tulpehocken Delawares migrate to Ohio Valley. - Thomas Pelham-Holles, duke of Newcastle is appointed secretary of state for the British ministry’s southern department, with responsibility to supervise the American colonies. His policy is known as "solitary neglect." = Digital

1724 14th state admitted into the union, Vermont Mar. 4, 1791; having been settled by 1724 =infoplease

1725 Catherine I of Russia takes the throne at her husbands death. Louis XV of France marries Marie Leszczynska, daughter of the King of Poland. = Christy's

1725: The Academy of Sciences is founded. = Imperial Russia

1725 Chief Chicagou sent to France by French settlers of Illinois. StofIL1902

1726 Johnathan Swift <http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/sources/> publishes "Guliver's Travels" = Christy's

1727-1760 George II King of England = Christianity

1727 George II of Great Britain crowned. Catherine I of Russia dies, and the grandson of her husband is put on the throne. = Christy's

1727 34th state admitted into the union, Kansas Jan. 29, 1861; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease

1727 35th state admitted into the union, West Virginia June 20, 1863; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease

11Jun1727 George II succeeds his father George I - Death of Sir Issac Newton. - A Shawnee band migrates from the upper Delaware Valley to the Ohio country. = Digital

1728 Seventh-Day Adventists under Conrad Beissel build Ephrata Cloisters in Pennsylvania = German American

1729 Bach's St. Matthew Passion. Isaac Newton </cgi-bin/id/CE037094>'s Principia translated from Latin into English. = Kid Info

1729 Boston Measles = Epidemic

1729 ~Lazzaro Spallanzani <http://www.astro.virginia.edu/eww6n/bios/Spallanzani.html>, who would attempt to prove that abiogenesis doesn't work is born. = Christy's

1729 China banned opium. That ban on importation would be seriously compromised by the British East India Company until 1839. = PlantTrivia

1730-1740 Pope Clement XII = Christianity

1730 Catholic English version of NT, revision of Reims NT by Dr. Robert Witham = Christianity

1730 Peter II of Russia dies of smallpox. Anna, the niece of Peter the Great, becomes Empress of Russia. = Christy's

1730 French instigate a massacre of the Fox nation which reduced them as an independent force. = Digital

1731 Protestants were expelled from Salzburg, Austria <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html>, in this year. They subsequently founded Ebenezer, Georgia <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/ebenezer.html>. = GermansInAm

1732 Benjamin Franklin </cgi-bin/id/CE019307> begins publishing Poor Richard's Almanack. James Oglethorpe and others found Georgia. = Kid Info

1732 The first German-language newspaper, Philadelphische Zeitung <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/zeitung.html>, was published in the United States. German publishing flourished in Philadelphia and in smaller communities such as Ephrata, Pennsylvania <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/ephrata.html>. = GermansInAm

1732 By 1732 the black slave population of South Carolina numbered about 32,000 as compared to approximately 14,000 whites. Slavery at this time in South Carolina was driven by rice cultivation. Rice seed imported from Madagascar was grown and harvested by black slaves from rice growing zones of Africa. Thus the early success in rice production in North America was possible due to a skilled, slave labor force. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1732 J. S. Bach completed his Coffee Cantata. He stages a daughter making the humorous request: “Dear father, do not be so strict! If I can’t have my little demi-tasse of coffee three times a day, I’m just like a dried up piece of roast goat! Ah! How sweet coffee tastes! Lovelier than a thousand kisses, sweeter far than muscatel wine! I must have my coffee, and if anyone wishes to please me, let him present me with - coffee!” By this time coffee had been available in Germany for six decades, showing increasing popularity. By 1777 Frederick the Great began a campaign to control the beverage. (Pendergrast, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1732 Don Carlos of Bourbon becomes duke of Parma = Tour Italy

1732 Colony of Georgia founded by Royal Charter. = Digital

1732-3 Worldwide Influenza = Epidemic

1733 John Kay invents flying shuttle loom. After Augustus II dies, his son (Augustus III) is elected ruler of Poland. = Christy's

1733 John Peter Zenger, who came to America as an indentured servant from the Palatinate region of Germany, founded a newspaper, The New-York Weekly Journal; two years later he was acquitted in a landmark trial involving freedom of the press. = GermansInAm

1733-1735: The War of the Polish Succession = Imperial Russia

1733 Schwenkfelders from Silesia arrive in Pennsylvania = German American

1733 John Kay patented the fly-shuttle, which quickened the weaving of cloth, thus mechanizing weaving - while the generation of thread through spinning remained a cottage industry. In 1764, James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny made the thread generating process more efficient. Further improvements in bleaching and dyeing as well as the steam-powering of looms would change the British textile industry - with production soaring from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 22 million pounds in the 1780s. (Milestones, Twilight, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1733 John Bartram of Philadelphia began correspondence with Collinson, Miller, and others. Their exchange is the likely source of pawpaw, sourwood, and other American plants introduced to cultivation in Europe. (Spongberg, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1733 19th state admitted into the union, Indiana Dec. 11, 1816; having been settled by 1733 =infoplease
1733 4th state admitted into the union, Georgia Jan. 2, 1788; having been settled by 1733 =infoplease

1734 Salzburg Protestants come to Georgia = German American

1735 24th state admitted into the union, Missouri Aug. 10, 1821; having been settled by 1735 =infoplease

1735 French scientist, La Codamine, is sent to Peru to measure one degree on the surface of the Earth. = Christy's

1735 Printer John Peter Zenger's acquittal -- landmark victory for freedom of the press / Moravians (Herrnhuters) under Count Zinzendorf settle in Georgia = German American

1735 John Peter Zenger, New York editor, acquitted of libel in New York, establishing press freedom </cgi-bin/id/CE042126>. = Kid Info

1736 Russo-Turkey war. Nadir Shah, the last great Persian conqueror drove the Afghans from Iran and became king. = Christy's

1736 Alliance between colony of Pennsylvania and the Iroquois grand council. = Digital

1736 Moravians found Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Lititz, PA = German American

1737 William Penn’s sons dispossess the Delawares of the “forks of Delaware” by the Walking Purchase. = Digital

1738 Methodist Church founded by Rev John Wesley = Christianity

1738-1816 New Catholic English versions of NT by Dr. Richard Challoner and Francis Blyth O.D.C., Bernard MacMahon, Dr Troy =
Christianity

1738 La Codamine returns to France. = Christy's

1738 William Johnson arrives in New York from Ireland in order to take charge of uncle Sir Peter Warren’s New York estates. = Digital

1738 South Carolina Smallpox = Epidemic

1739 Russo-Turkish war ends (temporarily). War of Jenkin's Ear commences between Great Britain and Spain. David Hume <thinker.htm> writes his most important work "A Treatise of Human Nature" = Christy's

1739 "Germantauner Zeitung" publ. by Christopher Saur / Conrad Beissel at Ephrata publ. first hymnal in America = German American

1739-40 Boston Measles = Epidemic

1739 The "War of Jenkins’s Ear," a trade war between Great Britain and Spain, developing due to British attempts to circumvent the Peace of Utrecht. = Digital

1739 About 500,000 people died in Ireland due, by one account, to widespread crop failure of potatoes. (Ponting, 1991) A more thorough account contends that the 1740-41 famine resulted from failure of the oat crop, accompanied by extremely cold weather in which stored potatoes were frozen in there outdoor pits, and therefore lost. Ten years previously, the 1729 oat famine had engendered Jonathan Swift’s famous pamphlet entitled “A Modest Proposal.” The potato dry rot, cause of great famine a century later, did not appear in Ireland until after 1830. (Zuckerman, 1998) [See 1845] = PlantTrivia

1740-1758 Pope Benedict XIV = Christianity

1740 Frederick (later Frederick the Great) becomes ruler of Prussia. War of Austrian Succession commences after the death of Emperor Charles VI. Anna of Russia dies, naming Ivan VI, the grandchild of her sister, as successor. Ivan VI's mother (also named Anna) is the regent for the baby emperor. = Christy's

1740 Capt. Vitus Bering, Dane employed by Russia, discovers Alaska. Frederick II “the Great” crowned king of Prussia. = Kid Info

1740's Many Senecas and Cayugas migrate from New England to the southern shores of Lake Erie and become known as Mingos. = Digital

1740s Russians begin trading on BC coast = Canada

1741Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great takes the Russian throne. Vitus Bering <http://www.horsensmuseum.dk/flenke/fvber_en.htm> (a Russian) discovers Alaska. = Christy's

1741 The President of the First Continental Congress, Henry Middleton, began creating his gardens at Middleton Place, South Carolina. (McGuire in Punch 1992) = PlantTrivia

1741 President Eisenhower's ancestor-Hans N. Eisenhauer-arrives = German American

1741 Moravians founded Bethlehem <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/bethlehe.html> and Nazareth, Pennsylvania. = GermansInAm

1741 Danish explorer Vitus Bering explores the BC coast = Canada

1742 Around this time or maybe a year or so later Maria Theresa, daughter of Emperor Charles VI agrees to give Frederick the Great of Prussia the land he has captured from her during the past two years, in return for Frederick recognizing her claim to the Austrian throne. = Christy's

1742 Start of the War of Austrian Succession = Digital

1742 From Rio de Janeiro, the mango was introduced to the Barbados. (Sauer, 1993) = PlantTrivia

1742 From 1742-1745 Pehr Kalm explored North America, collecting plants for introduction to Sweden. His work resulted in a three volume publication, En Resa till Norra America, issued 1753-1761. (Stafleu, 1971) = PlantTrivia

1742 Christopher Saur, a German printer in Philadelphia, printed the first Bible in America. = GermansInAm

1743 First Bible printed in America by Christopher Saur-in German = German American

27Jun1743 Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria, the last engagement in which a British monarch ( King George II )participated in person. = Digital

1744 King George's War between the British and French in North America begins. In January fifteen year old Sophie Auguste Frederika (later known as Catherine the Great), daughter of a petty Germany prince, leaves her home in Stettin to travel to Russia on invitation of the Empress Elizabeth. = Christy's

1744 - 1748 King George’s War = Digital

1744-1748 King George's War (Europeans referred to it as "The Austrian Succession") British & Colonials vs French. WorldAlman

15Mar1744 third of four North American wars waged by the British and French - Iroquois give the British permission to build a blockhouse at the Forks of the Ohio. = Digital

16Jun-07July1744- Treaty at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, between Iroquois nations of Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca, on the one side, and British colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania on the other. - George Crogan establishes trading post at Mingo town of Cuyahoga. His soon becomes a political power among the Ohio Indians. = Digital

11May1745 "Battle of Fontenoy" in Flanders, French defeat combined army of British, Dutch and Austrian troops - Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises the Highlanders in what is called the "Jacobite Rebellion" = Digital

1745 Second Jocobite rebellion tries to put "Bonnie Prince Charles" on the throne of Scotland and England. On August 25 the Grand-duke Peter of Russia marries Catherine (previously known as Sophie). = Christy's

30Sep1745 Royalist John Campbell, looses his army to Jacobite victory at the "Battle of Prestonpans" - George Montagu Dunk, second earl of Halifax, is appointed president of the lords commissioners for trade and plantations (board of trade) - Massachusetts governor William Shirley directs campaign that captures Louisbourg, but the fort is returned to the French by the peace treaty. = Digital

1746 British defeat Scots under Stuart Pretender Prince Charles at Culloden Moor. Last battle fought on British soil. = Kid Info

28Jan1746 Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk - Earl Loudoun flees the “rout of Moy” to the safety of Skye, and sits out the rest of the Jacobite rising = Digital

27Apr1746 William Augustus, duke of Cumberland, defeats Scots rebels at the "Battle of Culloden", braking the Jacobite Rebellion - He is made captain general of the British army. = Digital

1747 Sweden begins construction of a fortress named Sveaborg <suomenlinna.html>, (lit. Castle of Sweden) on a group of islands off Helsinki. Later its name is changed to Suomenlinna (lit. Castle of Finland). = Finland

1747 Dr. James Lind experimented with 12 sailors who had scurvy and discovered that consuming lemons and oranges for 6 days effected great improvement. Nearly 50 years passed before the British admiralty required that sailors receive daily lemon or lime juice. Scurvy is understood now to be a nutritional disease caused by lack of adequate Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Fresh fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of this vitamin. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) [See 1937] = PlantTrivia

1747 CT,NY,PA,SC Measles = Epidemic

02Jul1747 Battle of Lauffeld, British and Allied defeat = Digital

24Oct1747 Formation of the Ohio Company of Virginia = Digital

1748 War of the Austrian Succession ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. King George's War ends. = Christy's

1748 Shawnees and Iroquois grand council appoints Tanaghrisson as “Half King” over the Ohio Indians and gives Scarouady supervision over the Shawnees - Benjamin Franklin retires from management of his printing business - Louisbourg returns to France. = Digital

Jun1748 William Johnson instigates a Mohawk raid against Montreal in defiance of Iroquois grand council’s neutrality policy. The raiders are ambushed with great losses. Benjamin Franklin organizes a military association for Pennsylvania’s defense. = Digital

11Aug1748 Conrad Weiser journeys to the Ohio country to treat with region’s Indians = Digital

18Oct1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Austrian Succession (known in British colonies as “King George’s War”)

11Jan1749 Ohio Company’s petitions King George for a grant of lands, and proposes to build a fort there = Digital

16Mar1749 King George II orders grant to the Ohio Company = Digital

01Jun1749 François Piquet founds La Présentation, a Sulpician mission Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg), N.Y.), it draws many Iroquois to the French = Digital

15Jun-09Nov1749 Captain Céleron de Blainville leads an expedition to the Ohio country to restore New France’s authority, but fails in efforts. - Halifax is established and constructed in Acadia [Nova Scotia] as a counter measure to Fortress Louisbourg. = Digital

1750-51 La Galissonière, governor-general of New France, repeatedly warns the French ministry of two necessities: (1) to preserve the loyalty of the Indian tribes; (2) to preserve the lifeline between Canada and Louisiana from British interception = Digital

1750 Slaves from Africa were traded for gold and rum. At the African source, one hundred gallons of rum would purchase a male slave, 85 gallons an adult woman, and 65 gallons a child. At the same time, the average selling price for a slave delivered to the West Indies was £20 sterling. (Schlebecker, 1975) = PlantTrivia

11Sep1750-29Mar1752 Christopher Gist arranges for a treaty at Logstown - William Johnson attempts to prevent Conrad Wiser from treating with the Iroquois - French raid against rebellious Shawnees fails to subdue them - Virginians treat with Ohio Indians at Logstown, get confirmation from Mingos of land at Lancaster in 1744 - Commissioners appointed to negotiate disputed by Britain and France - British build Fort Lawrence, French counter with Fort Beauséjour at disputed border between Nova Scotia and Acadia. = Digital

1751 Second Carnatic War, an unofficial war between the British East India Company and the French Compagnie des Indes. = Christy's

1751 Publication of the Encyclopédie begins in France, the “bible” of the Enlightenment </cgi-bin/id/CE017004>. = Kid Info

Jul1751 Johnson resigns post as New York’s agent in charge of Indian affairs, is later elected a member of Pennsylvania assembly. Thomas Penn and brother refuse the assembly’s unanimous request to contribute to expense of Indian affairs “or any other public expense.” = Digital

1752 AV published in New World colonies = Christianity

1752 Britain adopts the Georgian calendar. - William Law publishes, "The Way to Divine Knowledge." - Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening conductor. - Marquis Duquesne arrives at Quebec to be governor-general of New France. - Commissioner William Shirley recalled from futile negotiations in Paris = Digital

21Jun1752 A party of Chippewas, Potawatomies, and Ottawas, led by Charles Langlade, attack the Indian village of Picawillany, destroy Croghan's trading post, killing one British trader, and taking others prisoner. = Digital

01Feb1753 French troops dispatched from Canada take the Ohio Valley, and begin construction of three forts. - Virginia Governor Hamilton receives a letter stating that French and Mohawks attacked a trading post of John Findly at a place called 'Kentucky'. - George Washington is sent to the French commander in the Ohio country to protest their occupation of disputed lands. - In England land tax is instituted. - Halifax Revives Britain’s claim to the Ohio country through “right of conquest” by “subject” Iroquois. - Benjamin Franklin is awarded the Coply gold medal of the Royal Society for his experiments with electricity, he is appointed by the crown as deputy postmaster general of the British colonies in North America. The French sent Pierre Paul Marin to establish a chain of forts from Presque Isle ( Erie, Pennsylvania ) south toward the forks of the Ohio River. Fort Presque Isle and Fort Le Bouef were completed in 1753, Fort Machault at Venango( were French Creek inters the Allegheny River) in 1754. The supply road to French Creek, or Riviere aux Boeufs ( River of the Buffaloes) as it was known to the French, was the first true road ever constructed in the midwest. Twenty one feet wide, it ran thirteen miles to Fort Le Bouef. = Digital

10 Apr1753 William Trent sent a letter to Governor Hamilton stating that French and Mohawks had made an attack on 8 of George Croghan’s and Lowery's’s Traders "at a place called Kentucky" and of killing 3 of John Finley’s men and the disappearance of Finley. This attack took place on January 26. = Digital

1754 Grand-Duchess Catherine of Russia gives birth to a son. = Christy's

1754-1763 French & Indian War (Europeans referred to it as "The Seven Year War," by 1776 as, "The Old French War," British & Colonials vs French. WorldAlman

1754 St. Andrews Golf Club, is founded in Scotland. - In England, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufacturers is created. -Newcastle becomes head of the ministry as first lord of the Treasury - Britain and France are at war in North America; the issue is boundaries. - Captain Trent starts to build Virginia’s fort at the point where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to make the Ohio. - Ensign Ward is left in charge. = Digital

Apr1754 Ensign Ward surrenders to Captain Contrecoeur, who completes building Fort Duquesne. = Digital

28 May1754 Lieutenant Colonel George Washington leads a party of Virginians and Mingos to attack a French party under Ensign Coulon de Jumonville, who is killed under circumstances called “assassination” by the French. = Digital

26Jun1754 Newcastle’s inner cabinet resolves to defend Britain’s northern colonies from French “invasion.” = Digital

04 Jul1754 Washington surrenders encampment called Fort Necessity at Great Meadows after Tanaghrisson’s Mingos desert in contempt of Washington’s leadership. Captain Robert Stobo is given as hostage. = Digital

28-29Jul1754 Captain Stobo smuggles plans of Fort Duquesne to Philadelphia through Delaware chiefs Shingas and Delaware George. = Digital

Sep1754 Board of trade and ministry discuss need for unified action by colonies. - Ministry decides upon a military commander in chief to be financed by colonies. Cumberland nominates Edward Braddock. = Digital

08Sep1754 News of Washington’s surrender reaches London and stimulates Newcastle to appeal for help from Cumberland. = Digital

Dec1754 British authorizes Massachusetts governor Shirley to raise troops. = Digital

1755 Earthquake in Northern Persia kills 40,000 = Christianity

1755 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 60,000 (estimated at 8.75 Richter) = Christianity

1755 Genoa sells Corsica to France = Tour Italy

1755 Samuel Johnson </cgi-bin/id/CE027172>'s Dictionary first published. Great earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal-over 60,000 die. U.S. postal service established. = Kid Info

1755 ~French and Indian war begins <http://web.syr.edu/laroux/history/hismenu.html>, with the British and Americans fighting the French, Canadians and Natives. Over the next six years 11,000 Arcadians are deported from Canada. Sir. Charles Hanbury-Williams arrives in Russia and negotiates an agreement between England and Russia, that Russia would keep 50,000 men at the Livonian frontier, ready to march into Prussia, in return for England paying £100,000 a year, and more if the soldiers are ever used. = Christy's

Jan1755 Britain sends two regiments of troops to Virginia. = Digital

Feb1755 France sends seventy-eight companies to Canada. - French ministry authorizes instigation of Indians against British colonies. - General Braddock arrives in Williamsburg, Virginia. - British troops defeated by the French near Fort Duquesne in the colonies. - English colonial troops capture French commander Dieskau. - French Fort Beauséjour is taken by the English forces. - British build their first navel vessel on Lake Ontario. - Lisbon, Spain, 30,000 people die in earthquake. - Samuel Johnson publishes "Dictionary of the English Language. "
The English create a four-part plan to prevent New France from expanding. First, capture Forts Duquesne, Niagara, and Beauséjour (Acadia). Second, begin construction of Forts Edward and William Henry. But, English general Edward Braddock leads his troops into ambush and defeat by the French and their Indian allies. Then, William Johnson's colonial troops capture French commander Dieskau and prevent French expansion in the Champlain Valley. = Digital

27Jun1755 the British built and launched their first navel vessel on Lake Ontario, a move suggested by Benjamin Franklin. After drilling his combined force at Fort Cumberland, Braddock marched into the Allegheny wilderness in June 1755. His advance was cautious and in good order, with the pioneers (engineers) hacking a road 12 feet wide through the virgin forest. Built on an old Indian trail, the road was widened and surfaced to accommodate both wagons and cannon. While the axe-men hacked the road, clearing as they went, often no more than four miles could be covered. = Digital

1756 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria. The governor of Pennsylvania offers a bounty of 130 Spanish dollars for "the scalp of every male Indian enemy above the age of twelve years produced as evidence of their being killed". In January the convention of Westminster is signed between Prussia and Hanover, that neither would allow the entry of a foreign army onto German soil. In May the treaty of Versailles was signed between Austria and France. On August 27, Frederick the Great led the armies of Prussia into Saxony, thus beginning the Seven Years War. = Christy's

1756-1763: The Seven Years War = Imperial Russia

1756 Seven Years' War </cgi-bin/id/CE047131> (French and Indian Wars in America) (to 1763), in which Britain and Prussia defeat France, Spain, Austria, and Russia. France loses North American colonies; Spain cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba. In India, over 100 British prisoners die in “Black Hole of Calcutta.” = Kid Info

1756 The British government purchased the right to export 600,000 Russian trees each year to supply the Royal Navy. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

28May1756 French capture Minorca. - Britain declares war on France, fighting on two fronts in India and North America. = Digital

29Aug1756 "The Seven Years' War" (1756-63) officially began on August 29, when Frederick of Prussia invades the German State of Saxony. - This war, which was a widening of the conflict between Britain and France in North America, became a world conflict. The combatants included Prussia and Hanover on the British side against Austria, Russia, Saxony, Spain and Sweden with France. = Digital

1757 The British East India Company gained control of Bengal after Robert Clive won the Battle of Plassey. Russia signs onto the treaty of Versailles, which Austria and France had signed the year before and in August a Russian army attacks East Prussia. = Christy's

1757 Beginning of British Empire </cgi-bin/id/CE007535> in India as Robert Clive, British commander, defeats Nawab of Bengal at Plassey. = Kid Info

1757 Fort William Henry captured and destroyed by French August 9, 1757.The Marquis de Montcalm captures and destroys Fort William Henry on Lake George. William Pitt becomes Prim Minister in t he summer of 1757. Pitt’s rise to power came too late to change the tide of English losses in 1757. During the winter of 1757 - 58, he pushed the preparations for the final defeat of the French in North America. Soon he his fleets and armies were striking everywhere- in Europe, India, Africa and hardest hit, the French in North America. His grand plan to defeat France included the capture of Louisbourg, and Forts Ticonderoga and Duquesne. All English forces are then to converge on the last target, Quebec. = Digital

1758-1769 Pope Clement XIII = Christianity

1758 The French fortress of Louisbourg falls to the American and British attackers after a seven week siege.Augustus III, king of Poland, requests from the Russian Empress Elizabeth that his son Charles, be given the Dukedom of Courland. Elizabeth agrees to the request. = Christy's

1758 Appearance of Halley's comet. = Digital

Jul1758 the first British troops dispatched to Germany under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. = Digital

27Jul1758 British capture French fortress of Louisbourg in Canada - Fort Duquesne is abandoned and burned by the French, the English begin construction of Fort Pitt near the site. - The Easton treaty is signed between the Pennsylvania colonial government and the Delawares, thus settling boundary questions = Digital

Aug1758 Battle of Minden in Germany - In America = Digital

1759 The Duke of Bridgewater builds a seven and a half miles long canal between his mines and Manchester (thus lowering the cost of his coal and demonstrating to the rest of Britian of the importance of canals). = Christy's

1759 North America [areas inhabited by white people] Measles = Epidemic

1759 British capture Quebec from French. Voltaire </cgi-bin/id/CE054552>'s Candide. Haydn </cgi-bin/id/CE023205>'s Symphony No. 1. = Kid Info

1759 William Johnson's troops capture Fort Niagara. General Amherst attacks the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, the French abandon and blow up both forts. Quebec is captured by the English. = Digital

1760-1820 George III King of England = Christianity

1760 George III of Great Britain crowned. Francis Nixon, an Irishman, comes up with a way to print chintz (brightly colored cloth) using copperplates. = Christy's

1760 In the following decade, 20,000 Irish workers emigrated from seaports at Ulster. Most of these people moved to North America, voyaging on the same ships that brought flax from the new world to linen mills in Ulster. Many of the emigrants were skilled linen weavers. A sharp decline in the linen market in 1770 exacerbated the situation, and over 30,000 additional people emigrated in the first half of that decade. (Zuckerman, 1998) = PlantTrivia

31Jul-08Sep1760 Battle of Warburg in Germany, Amherst captures Montreal and ends French resistance in Canada. = Digital

08Sep1760 Northwestern Territory (including Illinois) ceded to England by France. StofIL1902

Sep1760 Mid September, Fort Detroit surrenders to Colonel Robert Rogers. The British flag is raised over Detroit, signaling the end of the French and Indian War. = Digital

25Oct1760 death of King George II , he is succeeded by his grandson, George III. = Digital

1761 Agricultural machines are displayed in London in an exhibition by the Society of Arts. - A Russian poet scientist, Mikhail Lomonosov, discovers the atmosphere of Venus. - General Amherst forbids presents of food and arms to Indians. - Senecas present a war belt to Detroit Indians, but it is rejected and disclosed to the fort commander. = Digital

1761 John Hill established an association between tobacco snuff and malignant (and fatal) nose polyps. (Lewis & Elvin-Lewis, 1977) = PlantTrivia

1761 Kölreuter reported his work on the role of insects in pollination. His detailed descriptions of insect activity and floral structure instructed botanists on the mechanisms and significance of insect pollination, and led directly to the work of Sprengel. (Morton, 1981) (HNT)[See 1716, & 1877] = PlantTrivia

1761 By this year British land grants in New England required that pine trees, most notably white pine, that were suitable as ship masts be conserved - to be cut only under license by the crown. Appointed surveyors marked trees to be protected with the “king’s broad arrow,” a triangular scar. This decree, among many others, greatly perturbed American colonists. The first flag used by Revolutionaries bore the image of a single white pine - representing the state of Massachusetts. [See 1652] (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1761 North America and West Indies Influenza = Epidemic

1762 Catherine II </cgi-bin/id/CE009610> (“the Great”) becomes czarina of Russia. Jean Jacques Rousseau </cgi-bin/id/CE044879>'s Social Contract. Mozart </cgi-bin/id/CE035736> tours Europe as six-year-old prodigy. = Kid Info

1762-1796: Catherine II, The Great <CathyGreat.html> = Imperial Russia

1762 When Empress Elizabeth dies Peter III <http://www.sptimes.com/Treasures/TC.2.3.12.html> of Russia becomes ruler. He signs a document restoring to Prussia all the land Russia had taken from it in the past while.... within a few months he is overthrown by wife, Catherine the Great and her supporters. The French government sets up a special section of the Gobelins tapestry factory to produce Chinese and Japanese fakes, since the demand for Chinese and Japanese goods were draining the country of gold. = Christy's

1762 Battle of Wilhelmstahl in Germany - War with Spain breaks out. Sweden and Prussia sign a Treaty of Hamburg, Prussia and Austria sign alliance - Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila captured by the British - British expedition captures Buenos Aries from Spain - The Sorbonne Library first opens in Paris - In Scotland, cast iron is converted into malleable iron for the first time at the ironworks in Stirlingshire = Digital

Jun1762 with the allied forces surrounding Prussia's army, the Russian empress Elizabeth dies.- Peter III takes over Russia and immediately pulls out of the war.- This turn of fate saved Britain and Prussia and allowed them to sign a peace treaty. - War belts are circulated among western Indians, encouraged by Senecas and Frenchmen. = Digital

23Aug1762 Major Henry Gladwin takes command of Detroit. = Digital

1763 Illinois is in area ceded by French to British after French and Indian War. = ILGenWeb

1763 French and Indian War ends. The Royal Proclamation renames the colony of Canada as the province of Quebec. Catherine the Great of Russia takes the Dukedom of Courland away from Charles (son of Augustus III, king of Poland) and gives it instead to Biran. Augustus III of Poland dies. = Christy's

1763 Royal Proclamation of King George III recognizes aboriginal title and rights to land = Canada

10Feb1763 The Treaty of Paris is signed, officially ending the war between France and England, giving England title to virtually all territory east of the Mississippi River. The Ottawa Chief Pontiac, unites and leads the Indian nations of the Northwest Territory (Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio) against the English. Ending the Seven years War in Europe with the Peace of Paris - In the American theatre, the French and Indian War ends. The Proclamation Act of 1763 is announced by the English government to keep colonial settlers from moving into Indian territory west of the Appalachian Mountains. = Digital

03Apr1763 Treaty with Senecas = Digital

09May1763 Pontiac lays siege to Fort Detroit with a force composed of Ottawas, Chippawa, Potawatomi, Huron, Shawnee, and Delaware warriors. Indians near Detroit move east in force Tribal allies destroy forts at Venango, LeBoeuf, and Presque Isle. Senecas wipe out a convoy near Niagara. - Forts at Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Niagara hold out against besiegers. = Digital

Jul1763 On their own initiative, but with sanction from Amherst and Bouquet, the garrison at Fort Pitt start an epidemic among the Indians by infecting besieging chiefs with blankets from the smallpox hospital. = Digital

01Aug1763 Indians withdraw from siege of Fort Pitt. = Digital

05Aug1763 Colonel Bouquet fights off an attack at Bushy Run and forces attackers to withdraw. - British government is provided for Quebec, Florida and Grenada by act of law -The "St. James Chronicles" are published in London - Voltaire publishes "Treatise on Tolerance."- New York and New Jersey Chambers of Commerce are formed. = Digital

06Aug1763 British forces destroy Delaware and Shawnee forces at Bushy Run = Digital

12Aug1763 Delawares, Hurons and Five Nations sue for peace = Digital

Sep1763 Forts Pitt, Detroit and Niagara are strengthened against Indian Attack = Digital

07Sep1763 Treaty with Ottawas and Chippawas = Digital

17Nov1763 Amherst embarks for England, he is succeeded as commander in chief by General Thomas Gage. = Digital

28Nov1763 Hostage repartition between Indians and British completed = Digital

1764 Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick of Prussia sign an agreement to bring presure on the Polish diet to elect Stanislas Poniatowski as their new ruler. Stanislas is elected on September 7th. James Hargreaves creates the spinning jenny, a mechnical spinning wheel. = Christy's

1764: Church lands are secularized. = Imperial Russia

1764 German Society for the Protection of Immigrants in Philadelphia = German American

1764 The Sugar Act, taxing the colonies, is amended. - London houses are numbered for the first time. - The London Literary Club is founded. - James Watt invents the condenser. - St. Louis' first permanent settlement is established. - Czar Ivan VI is murdered in prison. Fort Niagara becomes the staging point for a spring expedition. British Regulars and Provincial troops gather there. = Digital

1764 The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. [See 1733] = PlantTrivia

Aug1764 Early August, Bradstreet led expedition across Lake Erie, relieved Detroit and held councils with Indians. = Digital

Dec1764 By the end of 1764 British regain control of the Great Lakes. = Digital

1765 James Watt invents the steam engine. Britain imposes the Stamp Act on the American colonists. = Kid Info

1765 The Finnish-born clergyman and politician Anders Chydenius <http://haku.kansallisbiografia.fi/FMPro?-db=umkbnet.fp5&-format=%2fkb%2fum%2frecord%5fdetail.htm&-lay=www&-sortfield=LAJITTELUKENTT%c4&-op=eq&cSukunimihaku2=Chydenius,%20Anders&-max=40&-find=> publishes his book The National Gain in which he proposes free trade, eleven years before the publication of Adam Smith´s Wealth of Nations.= Finland

1765 The Stamp Act is passed, taxing the colonies. - Virginia Assembly questions the British governments right to tax. - Delegates from nine colonies meet in New York to draft a declaration of rights and liberties. = Digital

1765 The Pennsylvania Hospital (in Philadelphia) first institution in the U.S. exclusively for the care of the sick. Funded by voluntary subscriptions. = Social Security

10Oct1765 English take formal possession of Illinois. StofIL1902

1766 Governor Murray of Quebec is replaced by Guy Carleton. = Christy's

1766 30th state admitted into the union, Wisconsin May 29, 1848; having been settled by 1766 =infoplease

1766 Repeal of the Stamp Act. - Britain's right to tax the colonies is restated in the Declaratory Act. - Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English surveyors lay down Mason-Dixon Line. - Pontiac treats with William Johnson for peace. - Theatre Royal in Bristol opens. - Czarina Catherine the Great of Russia declares freedom of worship. - The first paved sidewalk is finished in Westminster, London. - Henry Cavendish discovers hydrogen is lighter than air. = Digital

1767

1768 Russo-Turkish war. Captain ~James Cook <http://members.tripod.com/cuculus/cook.html> leaves England for a three year exploration of the Pacific. = Christy's

1768-1774 Russo-Turkish War; Russians gain concessions from the Ottoman Empire by Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, making it the chief power in the Near East.= Bukovina

1768 Barbara Heck, German-lrish, founds first Methodist church in New York = German American

09Dec1768 First English court estabished at Fort Charles. StofIL1902

1769-1775 Pope Clement XIV = Christianity

1769 Richard Arkwright invents a water frame to speed up the process of spinning threads. = Christy's

1769 Scottish inventor James Watt patents a practical steam engine. = Digital

1769 Sir William Arkwright patents a spinning machine-an early step in the Industrial Revolution </cgi-bin/id/CE025582>. = Kid Info

1769 Sweet oranges were established at San Diego mission. In 1804 the first sizeable citrus orchard in California was established at the San Gabriel mission. = PlantTrivia

1769 16th state admitted into the union, Tennessee June 1, 1796; having been settled by 1769 =infoplease

1769 31st state admitted into the union, California Sept. 9, 1850; having been settled by 1769 =infoplease

1770 Beethoven born. ~Boston massacre. <http://odur.let.rug.nl/usa/D/1751-1775/bostonmassacre/anon.htm> Poet William Wordsworth is born. = Christy's

1770 Australia was “discovered” by the British (though the Dutch had already named the area New Holland and had experienced at least 15 landings since 1606.) James Cook set out in the Endeavor on a scientific mission in 1768, with the young naturalists Joseph Banks and Daniel Charles Solander (a pupil of Linnaeus), as well as artists. On 29 April 1770, the ship stood into Botany Bay, which Cook originally called Sting Ray Harbor; but, the great collection of new plants by Banks and Solander provoked him to change the name. = PlantTrivia

1770 An entire year’s supply of nutmeg and cloves was destroyed in Amsterdam with the goal of maintaining high prices. Beginning in the 17th century Dutch traders had gained control of spice production in the Moluccas (at the expense of the Portuguese). Short supply kept prices high enough to create fortunes. (Root, 1980) [See 1602] = PlantTrivia

1770 Joseph Priestly coined the name “rubber” for the natural latex of the South American tree Hevea brasiliensis, noting it is “a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the marks of a black lead pencil.” Rubber was first introduced to Europe in 1744 by Charles Marie de la Condamine. (Lewington, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1770 The Boston Massacre. = Kid Info

1770s Captain Cook explores the West Coast = Canada

1771 First steam powered vehicle. = Digital

1772 Poland is partitioned for the first time, between Russia, Prussia and Austria. There is a coup d'etat in Sweden. = Christy's

1772 Joseph Priestley </cgi-bin/id/CE042172> and Daniel Rutherford independently discover nitrogen. Partition of Poland-in 1772, 1793, and
1795, Austria, Prussia, and Russia divide land and people of Poland, end its independence. = Kid Info

1772 An uprising against British authority in New England, the Pine Tree Riot, resulted from the levying of fines on a New Hampshire man for cutting what were determined to be the King’s pines. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia

1772 First partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in which Austria annexes Galicia.= Bukovina

1772 Pennsylvania Germans ("Dutchmen") form their own militias / Moravians found Schoenbrunn mission in Ohio = German American

1772 North America Measles = Epidemic

British Colonists paid their taxes without representation in Parliment...

1773 Clement XIV dissolves Jesuits = Tour Italy

1773 The Boston Tea Party. = Kid Info

1773-1775: Pugachev Revolt = Imperial Russia

1773 American colonists, disguised as Indians, dump shiploads of tea into the Boston harbour to protest taxation without representation, as the colonies had no elected representatives. = Christy's

1773 Americans were displeased by a 3% tax imposed by the English Parliament on tea and other products. That small tax added to a 100% import duty that all English subjects already paid on tea, and led to an increase in smuggling of tea from Holland. Loss of business for the London-based John Company resulted in the Tea Act of 1773, which eliminated the 100% tax - meaning the Dutch would be undersold. Even though this change represented a savings for American tea drinkers, the monopoly granted to the John Company continued to carry a 3% tax for colonists who had no representation in Parliament. The uniting of American colonists resulted in some ships being turned away at their ports, but for others (in Boston, Greenwich, Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, Annapolis, and Edenton), boarding parties threw consignments of tea into the sea. (Pratt, 1982) = PlantTrivia

1774 First Continental Congress </cgi-bin/id/CE012516> drafts “Declaration of Rights and Grievances.” = Kid Info

1774: Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji = Imperial Russia

1774 Warren Hastings, the first British governor-general of India took office. Russo-Turkey war ends. Louis XV of France dies and his grandson, Louis XVI is crowned. The Quebec Act <http://members.xoom.com/history_1/his951/readings/1774act.htm> is passed, allowing for Catholics to hold office, re-establishing old boundaries of Canada, and allowing French law. = Christy's

1774 Major General Gabriel Baron von Spleny crosses Galician-Polish frontier and carries out military occupation of "Austrian" Moldavia, later called Bukovina; serves as military governor until his replacement by General Karl von Enzenberg.= Bukovina

1774-9 Spanish explorer Juan Perez sights Queen Charlotte Islands & visits off Vancouver Island = Canada

1774 15th state admitted into the union, Kentucky June 1, 1792; having been settled by 1774 =infoplease

05Sep1774 First Contenintal Congress held in Philadelphia. WorldAlman

1775-1800 Pope Pius VI = Christianity

1775 N. Amer [especially hard in NE] epidemic Unknown = Epidemic

1775 Juan Francisco de Bodega y Quadra penetrates close to the Nass River = Canada

1775 By Treaty of Constantinople, Austria annexes Bukovina which serves as a land bridge connecting its provinces of Galicia and Transylvania.= Bukovina

1775 The American Revolution </cgi-bin/id/CE001826> begins with battle of Lexington and Concord. Second Continental Congress. Priestley discovers hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. = Kid Info

18Apr1775 Paul Revere/rode to alert patriots of British invasion. WorldAlman

Apr1775 affair at Lexington, and start of the American War of Independence - June 17, Battle of Bunker Hill = Digital

1775-6 Worldwide [one of the worst epidemics] Influenza = Epidemic

1775-1783 American Revolutionary War. WorldAlman

1776 British colonies in America declare independance from England, American Revolution = Christianity

1776 Declaration of Independence <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/declare.htm>; Smith publishes "Wealth of Nations." San Franciso is founded. = Christy's

1776 Declaration of Independence </cgi-bin/id/A0101022>. Gen. George Washington </cgi-bin/id/A0760587> crosses the Delaware Christmas night. Adam Smith </cgi-bin/id/CE048266>'s Wealth of Nations. Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Thomas Paine </cgi-bin/id/CE039124>'s Common Sense. Fragonard's Washerwoman. Mozart's Haffner Serenade. = Kid Info

1776 The Great American Revolution / Braunschweiger and Hessian troops land in Quebec (and introduce the decorated Christmas tree to North America); more than 10,000 remained in America = German American

1776 Small pox epidemic = Canada

1776 San Francisco is founded by Spanish officer Juan Bautista de Anza. = Digital

1776 48th state admitted into the union, Arizona Feb. 14, 1912; having been settled by 1776 =infoplease

02May1776 France and Spain agreed to provide one million livres in arms to the Americans. WorldAlman

02Jul1776 Declaration of Independence signed and enacted, the 4th of July is when anouncement reached the public and is thus celebrated as Independence Day in the United States.

27Aug1776 Battle of Long Island. = Digital

1777 Clark's conquest of Illinois begins Revolutionary War. StofIL1902

1777 Gen. von Steuben trains American army / Molly Pitcher (Maria Ludwig) fights in several battles / Christopher Ludwig is the army's director of baking / Major F. von Heer commands Gen. Washington's German body-guards / Gen. Nicholas Herkimer and the Germans of the Mohawk Valley defeat the British at Oriskan = German American

11Sep1777 Battle of Brandywine - October 17, surrender f Burgoyne at Saratoga. = Digital

1778 Voltaire dies. = Christy's

1778 Captain Cook charts Nootka Sound on his third expedition to the Pacific = Canada

1778 Capt. James Cook </cgi-bin/id/CE012571> discovers Hawaii. Franz Mesmer uses hypnotism. = Kid Info

1778 General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a Prussian officer, became inspector general of the Continental Army. = GermansInAm

1778 First census of Bukovina shows a population of a little more than 100,000.= Bukovina

1778 George Rogers Clark captures Kaskaskia and Cahokia from British. Virginia claims Illinois; cedes land to United States in 1784. =ILGenWeb

04Jul1778 Kaskaskia taken by Americans (Revolutionary War). StofIL1902

1779 Jan Ingenhousz’s Experiments upon vegetables... (HNT) showed that plants produce oxygen in sunlight and carbon dioxide in darkness. This work added to studies by his friend Priestley, but unlike Priestley, who was interested primarily in the nature of gases, Ingenhousz was concerned with the physiology of plants. = PlantTrivia

1779 Opposing Austrian and Prussian armies came to a stalemate in Bohemia when both armies consumed the local potato stores to depletion. The resulting lack of food combined with cold weather forced a retreat of both sides. Today this War of Bavarian Succession is still sometimes called “The Potato War.” (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1779 Start of the siege of Gibraltar. = Digital

1779 Gen. von Steuben writes first handbook for U.S. Army = German American

1780 Death of Empress Maria Theresa after a reign of forty years; accession to the Austrian throne of Joseph II, an "enlightened monarch."= Bukovina

1780 John Hannon, financed by Dr. James Baker, started the first chocolate factory in the US in Dorchester, Mass. (Fussell, 1986) James Baker later founded Baker’s Chocolate. = PlantTrivia

1780 Englishman Philip Luckombe commented concerning Ireland that: “landlords first get all that is made of the land, and the tenants, for their labor, get poverty and potatoes.” (Zuckerman, 1998) = PlantTrivia

1780 Steel pen points begin to replace quill feathers. James Watt invents a paper copier, using a special ink that stays wet for 24 hours, thus allowing someone to press another paper over it and copy the ink. = Christy's

1780s Epidemics appear on the Pacific Northwest coast = Canada

16Aug1780 Battle of Camden. = Digital

1781 Patent of Toleration grants freedom of worship to Protestants and opens the way for Protestant Germans from outside the Austrian Empire to settle within its territories.= Bukovina

1781 Immanuel Kant <thinker.htm> writes his "Critique of Pure Reason". Los Angeles founded. = Christy's

1781 Immanuel Kant </cgi-bin/id/CE027747>'s Critique of Pure Reason. Herschel discovers Uranus. = Kid Info

1781 Articles of Confederation a loose union is created by the American states = Digital

1781 First permanent Anglo-American settlement. StofIL1902

15Mar1781 Battle of Guildford = Digital

19Oct1781 Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown = Digital

1782 Patent of Settlement offers land, farm implements, livestock, and frame houses to those inside and outside the realm who wish to settle in Bukovina.= Bukovina

1782 Oliver Evans contracted to build a flour mill on Red Clay Creek, north of Wilmington, Delaware. His “improvements” produced the first automated mill. One person could run an automated mill and produce 20 barrels of flour in a day. Ordinary mills required one person for ten barrels. (Storck & Teague, 1952) = PlantTrivia

1782 Governer Morris suggests the idea of decimalizing the American coinage, thereby making it the metric system, and Thomas Jefferson takes up the idea based off the Spanish (silver) dollar. = Christy's

1782-1787 German Protestants from the Palatinate, Rhineland, and Württemberg settle in already-existing communities of Arbora, Tereblestie, Illischestie, Fratautz, Milleschoutz-Badeutz, Satulmare, Molodia, Rosch, Zuczka, Mitoka-Dragomirna, and Czernowitz.= Bukovina

1783 Earthquake in Calabria, Italy kills 30,000 = Christianity

1783 Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier became the first human beings to fly with their invention of the hot air balloon <http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Union/BUHABS/first.html>. The Treaty of Paris <http://www.csusm.edu/public/guests/history/docs/paris_treaty.html> formalizes the American independence and defines America's borders. = Christy's

1783 As many as 5,000 of the Hessian soldiers hired by Britain to fight in the Revolutionary War remained in America after the end of hostilities. = GermansInAm

1783 First German brass band founded in Philadelphia = German American

1783 End of the siege of Gibraltar - Peace of Versailles; end of the War of American Independence.- General George Washington resigned from the Continental Army = Digital

1783 Revolutionary War ends with Treaty of Paris. William Blake's poems. Beethoven </cgi-bin/id/CE005202>'s first printed works. = Kid Info

1783 Dover, DE ["extremely fatal"] Bilious Disorder = Epidemic

03Sep1783 Illinois is formally ceded to United Sates by England. StofIL1902

1784 Treaty of Paris ratified, ending the American Revolution = Digital

1784 Crimea annexed by Russia. John Wesley </cgi-bin/id/CE055371>'s Deed of Declaration, the basic work of Methodism. = Kid Info

1784-1809 Germans from the Zips (Spiss in today's Slovakia) brought to Bukovina by Anton Manz who had gained concessions to exploit mineral deposits after silver, lead, iron, and copper had been discovered; miners settled in Jakobeni (1784), Kirlibaba (1797), Luisental (1805), and Freudental (1807); others put down roots in Stulpikany, Frassin, and Paltinossa. Manz provides housing and garden plots for those in his employ.= Bukovina

1784 Johann Jacob Astor arrives and becomes richest American / German Society for the Protection of Immigrants founded in New York = German American

1784 John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/chair.html> left his village of Waldorf in Germany and arrived in the United States in 1784 with $25 and seven flutes. He amassed a fortune from real estate dealings and the fur trade, and at his death was by far the richest man in the country, worth an estimated $20 million. = GermansInAm

1784 49th state admitted into the union, Alaska Jan. 3, 1959; having been settled by 1784 =infoplease

1785 Maritime trading voyages begin along Pacific coast (to 1820s) = Canada

1785 Edmund Cartwright invents a power loom. = Christy's

1785: The Charter of the C